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Pathogenesis of natural and experimental Pseudorabies virus infections in dogs.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Since late 2011, cases of suspected canine pseudorabies have increased in north China with the outbreak of swine pseudorabies in the same area, but the pathogenesis of canine Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections in China is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of canine pseudorabies. METHODS:The pathological changes in 13 dogs that died of natural PRV infections (confirmed by pathogen detection) during 2011-2013 in Beijing were evaluated. An experimental study was also conducted in which healthy adult beagle dogs were administered PRV isolate BJ-YT by subcutaneous injection. The dog tissues were subjected to gross and microscopic examinations and immunohistochemical analysis and the dogs' serum cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) was measured. RESULTS:Systemic hemorrhage and/or congestion were the most marked pathological changes in both the naturally and experimentally PRV-infected dogs. Macroscopically, the major lesions consisted of petechiae and ecchymoses in both the endocardium and epicardium, thrombi in the mitral valves, hemorrhage in the lungs and thymus, and incomplete contraction of the spleen. Microscopically, the major histopathological findings were systemic hemorrhage and congestion, nonsuppurative ganglioneuritis (in the experimentally infected dogs, unexamined in the naturally PRV-infected dogs), brainstem encephalitis (in the naturally infected dogs), necrosis or exudation in the myocardium, and lymphoid depletion in many lymphoid organs and tissues. Viral antigens were only detected in the brainstems and peripheral ganglia of the infected dogs. Serum cTn-I was significantly higher in the experimentally PRV-infected dogs with myocardial lesions than in the dogs without myocardial lesions. CONCLUSIONS:Based on these results, we conclude that virally induced systemic hemorrhage, peripheral nervous system pathology, and/or cardiac injury can individually or collectively cause death in PRV-infected dogs. The respiratory signs of the disease are attributed to cardiogenic lesions.

SUBMITTER: Zhang L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4374540 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Purpose: The aim was, in the frame of an anti-vector strategy, to use such genes to control Human and/or animal trypanosomiasis. The present objective was to verify whether field tsetse fly gene expression was modified in response to natural infection with trypanosomes as it was when insectary-raised flies were experimentally infected. Method: mRNA from 10 samples of Glossina palpalis (5 non-infected and 5 infected by Trypanosoma congolense s.l.) were sequenced on a high-output flow cell (400M clusters) using the NextSeq® 500/550 High Output v2 150 cycles kit (Illumina), in paired-end 75/75nt mode. The sequenced reads that passed quality filter were mapped onto the genome with the local alignment algorithm subread-align (Liao et al., 2013). Differential analysis was done with the SARTools R package (Varet et al., 2016), which runs separately DESeq2 (Love et al., 2014) and egdeR (Robinson et al., 2010). We identified orthologs between Glossina and Drosophila based on the identification of bidirectional best hits (BBH) using blastp (Altschul et al., 1997), and then made functional enrichment and pathway mapping of these DEGs. Results: Using the RNA-seq approach, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) have been identified in infected versus non-infected tsetse flies, including down-regulated genes and up-regulated genes. Some of the genes, whether down- or up-regulated, were very highly differentially expressed. Down-regulated genes were mainly involved in transcription/translation processes, while up-regulated encoded genes governing amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis pathways. The data on the molecular cross-talk between the host and the parasite (and the fly microbiome that is always present) recorded when using an experimental biological model have its counterpart in field flies which in turn validates the use of experimental host/parasite couples. Conclusion: This study is the first evaluation of transcriptomic mechanisms related to infection in field tsetse flies. This opens up prospects for vector-based control strategies, and more precisely the blocking of transmission.

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Pathogenesis of natural and experimental Pseudorabies virus infections in dogs.

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