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Defective microglial development in the hippocampus of Cx3cr1 deficient mice.

ABSTRACT: Microglial cells participate in brain development and influence neuronal loss and synaptic maturation. Fractalkine is an important neuronal chemokine whose expression increases during development and that can influence microglia function via the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1. Mice lacking Cx3cr1 show a variety of neuronal defects thought to be the result of deficient microglia function. Activation of CX3CR1 is important for the proper migration of microglia to sites of injury and into the brain during development. However, little is known about how fractalkine modulates microglial properties during development. Here we examined microglial morphology, response to ATP, and K(+) current properties in acute brain slices from Cx3cr1 knockout mice across postnatal hippocampal development. We found that fractalkine signaling is necessary for the development of several morphological and physiological features of microglia. Specifically, we found that the occurrence of an outward rectifying K(+) current, typical of activated microglia, that peaked during the second and third postnatal week, was reduced in Cx3cr1 knockout mice. Fractalkine signaling also influenced microglial morphology and ability to extend processes in response to ATP following its focal application to the slice. Our results reveal the developmental profile of several morphological and physiological properties of microglia and demonstrate that these processes are modulated by fractalkine signaling.

SUBMITTER: Pagani F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4379915 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Microglial Cx3cr1 knockout reduces prion disease incubation time in mice.

Project description:BackgroundMicroglia are resident mononuclear phagocytes of the brain that become activated in response to insults including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and prion disease. In the central nervous system the chemokine Cx3cl1 (Fractalkine) is expressed by neurons and its exclusive receptor Cx3cr1 is expressed solely on microglia. Cx3cl1/Cx3cr1 signalling is thought to maintain microglia in their resting state and disrupting this equilibrium may allow microglia to become activated. In prion disease, microglial proliferation has been suggested to contribute to overall disease progression, however, in different mouse models of neurodegeneration, loss of Cx3cr1 has been shown to either worsen or improve the phenotype depending on the paradigm.ResultsTo investigate the role of Cx3cl1/Cx3cr1 signalling in prion disease we infected Cx3cr1 null mice with three different strains of prions. Following challenge with Chandler/RML, ME7 and MRC2 prion strains, Cx3cr1 knockout mice showed highly significant reductions in incubation time. No differences were seen in the pattern and localisation of activated microglia in the brain or in the mRNA expression levels of chemokines/cytokines (Cxcl10, Il-12b, Il-1b, Arg-1 and Cxc3l1).ConclusionOur data suggest a protective role for Cx3cl1/Cx3cr1 cross-talk in prion disease.

| S-EPMC3998043 | biostudies-literature

Sex differences in microglial CX3CR1 signalling determine obesity susceptibility in mice.

Project description:Female mice are less susceptible to the negative metabolic consequences of high-fat diet feeding than male mice, for reasons that are incompletely understood. Here we identify sex-specific differences in hypothalamic microglial activation via the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 pathway that mediate the resistance of female mice to diet-induced obesity. Female mice fed a high-fat diet maintain CX3CL1-CX3CR1 levels while male mice show reductions in both ligand and receptor expression. Female Cx3cr1 knockout mice develop 'male-like' hypothalamic microglial accumulation and activation, accompanied by a marked increase in their susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Conversely, increasing brain CX3CL1 levels in male mice through central pharmacological administration or virally mediated hypothalamic overexpression converts them to a 'female-like' metabolic phenotype with reduced microglial activation and body-weight gain. These data implicate sex differences in microglial activation in the modulation of energy homeostasis and identify CX3CR1 signalling as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity.

| S-EPMC5322503 | biostudies-literature

Defective enamel and bone development in sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) Slc13a5 deficient mice.

Project description:There has been growing recognition of the essential roles of citrate in biomechanical properties of mineralized tissues, including teeth and bone. However, the sources of citrate in these tissues have not been well defined, and the contribution of citrate to the regulation of odontogenesis and osteogenesis has not been examined. Here, tooth and bone phenotypes were examined in sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) Slc13a5 deficient C57BL/6 mice at 13 and 32 weeks of age. Slc13a5 deficiency led to defective tooth development, characterized by absence of mature enamel, formation of aberrant enamel matrix, and dysplasia and hyperplasia of the enamel organ epithelium that progressed with age. These abnormalities were associated with fragile teeth with a possible predisposition to tooth abscesses. The lack of mature enamel was consistent with amelogenesis imperfecta. Furthermore, Slc13a5 deficiency led to decreased bone mineral density and impaired bone formation in 13-week-old mice but not in older mice. The findings revealed the potentially important role of citrate and Slc13a5 in the development and function of teeth and bone.

| S-EPMC5391028 | biostudies-literature

Neuronal development in NEIL3-deficient mice (hippocampus)

Project description:brain tissue from all subregions (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus) of the hippocampal formation was isolated at postnatal day 8 and at an adult age (3-6months old animals) in wildtype and NEIL3-deficient mice (n=4 at p8 and n=3 at adult age). NEILs are DNA glycosylases potentially involved in transcription regulation and hippocampal neuronal maturation. RNA was extracted and sequenced.

2021-11-25 | GSE161074 | GEO

Neuronal development in NEIL3-deficient mice (hippocampus)

Project description:Neuronal development in NEIL3-deficient mice (hippocampus)

| PRJNA675494 | ENA

Defective bone repair in mast cell-deficient Cpa3Cre/+ mice.

Project description:In the adult skeleton, cells of the immune system interact with those of the skeleton during all phases of bone repair to influence the outcome. Mast cells are immune cells best known for their pathologic role in allergy, and may be involved in chronic inflammatory and fibrotic disorders. Potential roles for mast cells in tissue homeostasis, vascularization and repair remain enigmatic. Previous studies in combined mast cell- and Kit-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice (KitW-sh) implicated mast cells in bone repair but KitW-sh mice suffer from additional Kit-dependent hematopoietic and non- hematopoietic deficiencies that could have confounded the outcome. The goal of the current study was to compare bone repair in normal wild type (WT) and Cpa3Cre/+ mice, which lack mast cells in the absence of any other hematopoietic or non- hematopoietic deficiencies. Repair of a femoral window defect was characterized using micro CT imaging and histological analyses from the early inflammatory phase, through soft and hard callus formation, and finally the remodeling phase. The data indicate 1) mast cells appear in healing bone of WT mice but not Cpa3Cre/+ mice, beginning 14 days after surgery; 2) re-vascularization of repair tissue and deposition of mineralized bone was delayed and dis-organised in Cpa3Cre/+ mice compared with WT mice; 3) the defects in Cpa3Cre/+ mice were associated with little change in anabolic activity and biphasic alterations in osteoclast and macrophage activity. The outcome at 56 days postoperative was complete bridging of the defect in most WT mice and fibrous mal-union in most Cpa3Cre/+ mice. The results indicate that mast cells promote bone healing, possibly by recruiting vascular endothelial cells during the inflammatory phase and coordinating anabolic and catabolic activity during tissue remodeling. Taken together the data indicate that mast cells have a positive impact on bone repair.

| S-EPMC5369761 | biostudies-literature

neuronal development in NEIL3-deficient mice (hippocampus) [DG]

Project description:brain tissue from Dentate Gyrus subregion of the hippocampal formation was isolated at postnatal day 8 and at an adult age (3-6months old animals) in wildtype and NEIL3-deficient mice (n=4 at p8 and n=3 at adult age). NEILs are DNA glycosylases potentially involved in transcription regulation and hippocampal neuronal maturation. RNA was extracted and sequenced.

2021-11-25 | GSE175360 | GEO

Neuronal development in NEIL3-deficient mice (hippocampus) [CA3]

Project description:brain tissue from CA3 subregion of the hippocampal formation was isolated at postnatal day 8 and at an adult age (3-6months old animals) in wildtype and NEIL3-deficient mice (n=4 at p8 and n=3 at adult age). NEILs are DNA glycosylases potentially involved in transcription regulation and hippocampal neuronal maturation. RNA was extracted and sequenced.

2021-11-25 | GSE175359 | GEO

Neuronal development in NEIL3-deficient mice (hippocampus) [CA1]

Project description:brain tissue from CA1 subregion of the hippocampal formation was isolated at postnatal day 8 and at an adult age (3-6months old animals) in wildtype and NEIL3-deficient mice (n=4 at p8 and n=3 at adult age). NEILs are DNA glycosylases potentially involved in transcription regulation and hippocampal neuronal maturation. RNA was extracted and sequenced.

2021-11-25 | GSE175358 | GEO

Retinal Degeneration and Microglial Dynamics in Mature Progranulin-Deficient Mice.

Project description:Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein that regulates numerous cellular processes. The role of PGRN as a regulator of lysosomes has recently received attention. The purpose of this study was to characterize the retinal phenotype in mature PGRN knockout (Grn-/-) mice. The a-wave amplitude of scotopic electroretinogram and outer nuclear thickness were significantly reduced at 6 months of age in Grn-/- mice compared to wild-type (Grn+/+) mice. In Grn-/- mice, retinal microglial cells accumulated on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) apical layer, and the number of infiltrated microglia and white fundus lesions between 2 and 6 months of age showed a close affinity. In Grn+/+ mice, PGRN was located in the retina, while the strongest PGRN signals were detected in the RPE-choroid. The different effects of PGRN deficiency on the expression of lysosomal proteins between the retina and RPE-choroid were demonstrated. Our data suggest that the subretinal translocation of microglia is a characteristic phenotype in the retina of mature PGRN knockout mice. The different effects of PGRN deficiency on the expression of lysosomal proteins between the retina and RPE-choroid might modulate microglial dynamics in PGRN knockout mice.

| S-EPMC8584076 | biostudies-literature

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