Novel role of hematopoietic stem cells in immunologic rejection of malignant gliomas.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Flores C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4404923 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Th17 cells, a recently discovered inflammatory T cell subtype, have been implicated with autoimmune disorders. However, mechanism of generation or functions of intratumoral Th17 cells are still unclear. We have been investigating the mechanism of induction and role of Th17 cells in malignant gliomas using primary tumor as well as cell lines. We report here that: (1) a higher frequency of Th17 cells in gliomas were associated with higher number of myeloid (CD11b) cells as well as the expression of TGF-?1 or IL-6; (2) conditioned medium from glioma cells (Gl CM) induced Th17 cell differentiation, which was inhibited by anti-TGF-?1 and anti-IL-6; (3) glioma-associated monocytes secreted Th17-promoting cytokines IL-1? and IL-23; (4) CM from glioma and monocyte co-culture (Gl+Mo CM) induced high frequency of Th17 cells in naïve T cell culture, which was abrogated by anti-IL-1? and anti-IL-23 antibodies; (5) In vitro Gl+Mo CM-mediated Th17 generation was associated with a decrease in IFN-? and a concomitant increase in IL-10 secretion. Anti-TGF-?1, but not anti-IL-6, significantly reversed this cytokine profile. These results demonstrate prevalence of Th17 cells in gliomas and implicate the cytokines derived from the tumor as well as infiltrating myeloid cells in the induction of Th17 cells in glioma microenvironment. Moreover, the data also suggest that glioma-associated Th17 cells may contribute to immune-suppression via TGF-?1-induced IL-10 secretion. Further studies on the mechanism of tumor-infiltration, developmental pathways, and pro-/anti-tumor functions of Th17 cells will provide rationale for developing novel adjuvant immunotherapeutic strategies for malignant gliomas.
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Project description:Various studies have demonstrated the tremendous tropism of stem cells for malignant gliomas, making these cells a potential vehicle for delivery of therapeutic genes to disseminated glioma cells. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the glioma-induced tropism of stem cells. Soluble factors including chemokines or growth factors released and expressed by glioma cells at least mediate the tropism of stem cells for gliomas. Here we review the possible mechanisms of stem cells tropism for malignant gliomas.
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Project description:Cancer stem cell behavior is thought to be largely determined by intrinsic properties and by regulatory signals provided by the microenvironment. Myelofibrosis (MF) is characterized by hematopoiesis occurring not only in the marrow but also in extramedullary sites such as the spleen. In order to study the effects of these different microenvironments on primitive malignant hematopoietic cells, we phenotypically and functionally characterized splenic and peripheral blood (PB) MF CD34+ cells from patients with MF. MF spleens contained greater numbers of malignant primitive HPCs than PB. Transplantation of PB MF CD34+ cells into immunodeficient (NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ(null)) mice resulted in a limited degree of donor cell chimerism and a differentiation program skewed toward myeloid lineages. By contrast, transplanted splenic MF CD34+ cells achieved a higher level of chimerism and generated both myeloid and lymphoid cells that contained molecular or cytogenetic abnormalities indicating their malignant nature. Only splenic MF CD34+ cells were able to sustain hematopoiesis for prolonged periods (9 months) and were able to engraft secondary recipients. These data document the existence of MF stem cells (MF-SCs) that reside in the spleens of MF patients and demonstrate that these MF-SCs retain a differentiation program identical to that of normal hematopoietic stem cells.
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Project description:DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) is mutated in hematologic malignancies affecting myeloid, mixed, and lymphoid lineages, and these mutations are associated with poor prognosis. Past studies in mice revealed Dnmt3a-knockout (KO)hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) had increased self-renewal, but no leukemia was observed. Here, all lethally irradiated mice transplanted with Dnmt3a-deleted HSCs died within 1 year. Animals were diagnosed with a spectrum of malignancies similar to those seen in patients with DNMT3A mutations, including myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, primary myelofibrosis, and T- and B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. In some cases, acquired malignancies exhibited secondary mutations similar to those identified in patients. Loss of Dnmt3a led to disturbed methylation patterns that were distinct in lymphoid and myeloid disease, suggesting lineage-specific methylation aberrations promoted by Dnmt3a loss. Global hypomethylation was observed in all of the malignancies, but lymphoid malignancies also exhibited hypermethylation, particularly at promoter regions. This mouse model underscores the important role of Dnmt3a in normal hematopoietic development and demonstrates that Dnmt3a loss of function confers a preleukemic phenotype on murine HSCs. This model may serve as a tool to study DNMT3A mutation associated malignancies and for developing targeted strategies for eliminating preleukemic cells for prevention and treatment of hematologic malignancies in the future.
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Project description:BackgroundActivation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) by either thrombin or activated protein C (aPC) differentially regulate the quiescence and bone marrow (BM) retention of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Murine HSC co-express THBD, PAR1, and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), suggesting that HSC sustain quiescence in a quasi-cell autonomous manner due to the binding of thrombin present in the microenvironment to THBD, activation of EPCR-bound protein C by the thrombin-THBD-complex, and subsequent activation of PAR1 by the aPC-EPCR complex.ObjectiveTo determine the role of THBD expression on HSC for sustaining stem cell quiescence and BM retention under homeostatic conditions.MethodsHematopoietic stem cell function was analyzed in mice with constitutive or temporally controlled complete THBD-deficiency by flow cytometry, functional assays, and single cell RNA profiling.ResultsTHBD was expressed in mouse, but not human, HSC, progenitors, and immature B cells. Expression in vascular endothelium was conserved in humans' BM. Mice with constitutive THBD deficiency had a normal peripheral blood profile, altered BM morphology, reduced numbers of progenitors and immature B cells, pronounced extramedullary hematopoiesis, increased HSC frequency, and marginally altered transcriptionally defined HSC stemness. Transplantation experiments indicated near normal engraftment and repopulating ability of THBD-deficient HSC. Transgenic aPC supplementation normalized BM histopathology and HSC abundance, and partially restored transcriptional stemness, but had no effect on B cell progenitors and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Temporally controlled THBD gene ablation in adult mice did not cause the above abnormalities.ConclusionTHBD expression on HSPC has minor effects on homeostatic hematopoiesis in mice, and is not conserved in humans.
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Project description:Suppressor of Lin-12-like (C. elegans) (SEL1L) participates in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation pathway, malignant transformation and stem cell biology. We explored the role of SEL1L in 110 adult gliomas, of different molecular subtype and grade, in relation to cell proliferation, stemness, glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs), prognostic markers and clinical outcome. SEL1L protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Genetic and epigenetic alterations were detected by molecular genetics techniques. SEL1L was overexpressed in anaplastic gliomas (World Health Organization [WHO] grade III) and in glioblastoma (GB, WHO grade IV) with the highest labelling index (LI) in the latter. Immunoreactivity was significantly associated with histological grade (p?=?0.002) and cell proliferation index Ki-67/MIB-1 (p?=?0.0001). In GB, SEL1L co-localised with stemness markers Nestin and Sox2. Endothelial cells and vascular pericytes of proliferative tumour blood vessels expressed SEL1L suggesting a role in tumour neo-vasculature. GAMs consistently expressed SEL1L. SEL1L overexpression was significantly associated with TERT promoter mutations (p?=?0.0001), EGFR gene amplification (p?=?0.0013), LOH on 10q (p?=?0.0012) but was mutually exclusive with IDH1/2 mutations (p?=?0.0001). SEL1L immunoreactivity correlated with tumour progression and cell proliferation, conditioning poor patient survival and response to therapy. This study emphasises SEL1L as a potential biomarker for the most common subgroup of TERT mutant/EGFR amplified/IDH-WT GBs.
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Project description:BackgroundChemokine signaling may contribute to progression of low-grade gliomas (LGGs) by altering tumor behavior or impacting the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the role of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) signaling in malignant transformation of LGGs.MethodsNinety patients with LGGs were genotyped for the presence of common CX3CR1 V249I polymorphism and examined for genotype-dependent alterations in survival, gene expression, and tumor microenvironment. A genetically engineered mouse model was leveraged to model endogenous intracranial gliomas with targeted expression of CX3C ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and CX3CR1, individually or in combination.ResultsLGG patients who were heterozygous (V/I; n = 43) or homozygous (I/I; n = 2) for the CX3CR1 V249I polymorphism had significantly improved median overall (14.8 vs 9.8 y, P < 0.05) and progression-free survival (8.6 vs 6.5 y, P < 0.05) compared with those with the wild type genotype (V/V; n = 45). Tumors from the V/I + I/I group exhibited significantly decreased levels of CCL2 and MMP9 transcripts, correlating with reduced intratumoral M2 macrophage infiltration and microvessel density. In an immunocompetent mouse model of LGGs, coexpression of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 promoted a more malignant tumor phenotype characterized by increased microglia/macrophage infiltration and microvessel density, resulting in shorter survival.ConclusionsCX3CR1 V249I polymorphism is associated with improved overall and progression-free survival in LGGs. CX3CR1 signaling enhances accumulation of tumor associated microglia/macrophages and angiogenesis during malignant transformation.
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Project description:Brain metastases represent the most common type of brain tumor. These tumors offer a dismal prognosis and significantly impact quality of life for patients. Their capacity for central nervous system (CNS) invasion is dependent upon induced disruptions to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), alterations to the brain microenvironment, and mechanisms for escaping CNS immunosurveillance. In the emerging era of immunotherapy, understanding how metastases are influenced by the immunologic peculiarities of the CNS will be crucial to forging therapeutic advances. In this review, the immunology of brain metastasis is explored.
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Project description:To identify the downstream substrate/effector that mediates Ptpn21 function. We applied comprehensive phosphoproteomics analysis with Lin- cells isolated from Ptpn21-/- and Ptpn21+/+ mice. The analysis revealed many pTyr sites on molecules associated with cytoskeleton. Additionally, we present a list of Ptpn21-dependent targets and putative substrates including Septin1 with increased tyrosine phosphorylation.
2018-10-17 | PXD011381 |
Project description:Purpose: Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy (ACT) has emerged as a viable therapeutic for peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) tumors. In peripheral cancers, optimal efficacy of ACT is reliant on dendritic cells (DCs) in the tumor microenvironment. However, the CNS is largely devoid of resident migratory DCs to function as antigen-presenting cells during immunotherapy. Herein, we demonstrate that cellular interactions between adoptively transferred tumor-reactive T cells and bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) lead to the generation of potent intratumoral DCs within the CNS compartment.Experimental Design: We evaluated HSPC differentiation during ACT in vivo in glioma-bearing hosts and HSPC proliferation and differentiation in vitro using a T-cell coculture system. We utilized FACS, ELISAs, and gene expression profiling to study the phenotype and function of HSPC-derived cells ex vivo and in vivo To demonstrate the impact of HSPC differentiation and function on antitumor efficacy, we performed survival experiments.Results: Transfer of HSPCs with concomitant ACT led to the production of activated CD86+CD11c+MHCII+ cells consistent with DC phenotype and function within the brain tumor microenvironment. These intratumoral DCs largely supplanted abundant host myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We determined that during ACT, HSPC-derived cells in gliomas rely on T-cell-released IFN? to differentiate into DCs, activate T cells, and reject intracranial tumors.Conclusions: Our data support the use of HSPCs as a novel cellular therapy. Although DC vaccines induce robust immune responses in the periphery, our data demonstrate that HSPC transfer uniquely generates intratumoral DCs that potentiate T-cell responses and promote glioma rejection in situClin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3955-66. ©2018 AACR.
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