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Pachymic acid inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo by targeting ER stress.

ABSTRACT: Pachymic acid (PA) is a purified triterpene extracted from medicinal fungus Poria cocos. In this paper, we investigated the anticancer effect of PA on human chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer. PA triggered apoptosis in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2. Comparative gene expression array analysis demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was induced by PA through activation of heat shock response and unfolded protein response related genes. Induced ER stress was confirmed by increasing expression of XBP-1s, ATF4, Hsp70, CHOP and phospho-eIF2?. Moreover, ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) blocked PA induced apoptosis. In addition, 25 mg kg-1 of PA significantly suppressed MIA PaCa-2 tumor growth in vivo without toxicity, which correlated with induction of apoptosis and expression of ER stress related proteins in tumor tissues. Taken together, growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis by PA in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells were associated with ER stress activation both in vitro and in vivo. PA may be potentially exploited for the use in treatment of chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer.

SUBMITTER: Cheng S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4411097 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pachymic acid inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo by targeting ER stress

Project description:Background: Pachymic acid (PA) is a purified triterpene extracted from medicinal fungus Poria cocos. In this paper, we investigated the anticancer effects of PA on human chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 were used, along with a xenograft model of MIA PaCa-2 cells implanted in mice. Apoptosis was assessed by quantitation of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments and expression of cleaved PARP. Differential expression of genes was identified using comparative DNA microarray analysis. Protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Toxicology studies in vivo were assessed by detecting pathological changes in organs and liver enzyme profiles in plasma. Tumor tissues were analyzed by quantification of apoptotic bodies, qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Principal Findings: PA induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells through activation of heat shock response and unfolded protein response related genes, which further triggered apoptosis. The involvement of ER stress was confirmed by increasing expression of XBP-1s, ATF4, Hsp70, CHOP and phospho-eIF2M-NM-1. Moreover, 25 mg kgM-bM-^HM-^R1 of PA significantly suppressed MIA PaCa-2 tumor growth in vivo without toxicity, which correlated with induction of apoptosis, ER stress related genes and proteins expression. Conclusions: Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis by PA in chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells were associated with ER stress activation both in vitro and in vivo. Pancreatic cancer cell line treated with pachymic acid vs. control (untreated)

2014-12-12 | E-GEOD-64111 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Pachymic acid inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo by targeting ER stress

Project description:Background: Pachymic acid (PA) is a purified triterpene extracted from medicinal fungus Poria cocos. In this paper, we investigated the anticancer effects of PA on human chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 were used, along with a xenograft model of MIA PaCa-2 cells implanted in mice. Apoptosis was assessed by quantitation of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments and expression of cleaved PARP. Differential expression of genes was identified using comparative DNA microarray analysis. Protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Toxicology studies in vivo were assessed by detecting pathological changes in organs and liver enzyme profiles in plasma. Tumor tissues were analyzed by quantification of apoptotic bodies, qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Principal Findings: PA induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells through activation of heat shock response and unfolded protein response related genes, which further triggered apoptosis. The involvement of ER stress was confirmed by increasing expression of XBP-1s, ATF4, Hsp70, CHOP and phospho-eIF2α. Moreover, 25 mg kg−1 of PA significantly suppressed MIA PaCa-2 tumor growth in vivo without toxicity, which correlated with induction of apoptosis, ER stress related genes and proteins expression. Conclusions: Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis by PA in chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells were associated with ER stress activation both in vitro and in vivo. Pancreatic cancer cell line treated with pachymic acid vs. control (untreated)

| S-ECPF-GEOD-64111 | biostudies-other

Pachymic acid inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo by targeting ER stress

Project description:Background: Pachymic acid (PA) is a purified triterpene extracted from medicinal fungus Poria cocos. In this paper, we investigated the anticancer effects of PA on human chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: Gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 were used, along with a xenograft model of MIA PaCa-2 cells implanted in mice. Apoptosis was assessed by quantitation of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments and expression of cleaved PARP. Differential expression of genes was identified using comparative DNA microarray analysis. Protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Toxicology studies in vivo were assessed by detecting pathological changes in organs and liver enzyme profiles in plasma. Tumor tissues were analyzed by quantification of apoptotic bodies, qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Principal Findings: PA induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells through activation of heat shock response and unfolded protein response related genes, which further triggered apoptosis. The involvement of ER stress was confirmed by increasing expression of XBP-1s, ATF4, Hsp70, CHOP and phospho-eIF2α. Moreover, 25 mg kg−1 of PA significantly suppressed MIA PaCa-2 tumor growth in vivo without toxicity, which correlated with induction of apoptosis, ER stress related genes and proteins expression. Conclusions: Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis by PA in chemotherapy resistant pancreatic cancer cells were associated with ER stress activation both in vitro and in vivo.

2014-12-12 | GSE64111 | GEO

JunB Inhibits ER Stress and Apoptosis in Pancreatic Beta Cells.

Project description:Cytokines contribute to pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D) by modulation of beta-cell gene expression networks. The transcription factor Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) is a key regulator of inflammation and apoptosis. We presently evaluated the function of the AP-1 subunit JunB in cytokine-mediated beta-cell dysfunction and death. The cytokines IL-1beta+IFN-gamma induced an early and transitory upregulation of JunB by NF-kappaB activation. Knockdown of JunB by RNA interference increased cytokine-mediated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, leading to increased apoptosis in an insulin-producing cell line (INS-1E) and in purified rat primary beta-cells. JunB knockdown beta-cells and junB(-/-) fibroblasts were also more sensitive to the chemical ER stressor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Conversely, adenoviral-mediated overexpression of JunB diminished iNOS and ER markers expression and protected beta-cells from cytokine-induced cell death. These findings demonstrate a novel and unexpected role for JunB as a regulator of defense mechanisms against cytokine- and ER stress-mediated apoptosis.

| S-EPMC2516602 | biostudies-literature

Celastrol induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via targeting ER-stress/UPR.

Project description:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most serious and deadly diseases worldwide with limited options for effective treatment. Biomarker-based active compound targeting therapy may shed some light on novel drugs for HCC. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) play important roles in the regulation of cell fate and have become novel signaling targets for the development of anticancer drugs. Celastrol, a triterpene from traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported to possess anti-tumor effects on various cancers. We, along with several other research groups, have recently reported that UPR was induced by celastrol in several different cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. However, UPR status in HCC still remains unclear. The role of ER stress and autophagy in response to celastrol also has yet to be elucidated. Our results demonstrated that celastrol could cause G2/M phase rest and inhibit proliferation in HepG2 and Bel7402. Exposure to celastrol resulted in the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, via ER stress and the UPR. In murine syngeneic model studies celastrol inhibited H22 tumor growth via the induction of ER stress and apoptosis. Our study suggests that celastrol is a potential drug for HCC therapy via targeting ER-stress/UPR.

| S-EPMC5696242 | biostudies-literature

Lentivirus-Mediated siRNA Targeting ER-α Inhibits Tumorigenesis and Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocarcinoma Cells.

Project description:Background and objectivesEstrogen receptor-α (ER-α) plays important roles in hepatocarcinogenesis. Recent studies have shown that ER-α could lead to cell cycle progression or inhibition of apoptosis. To better understand the role of ER-α, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to inhibit ER-α expression in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.MethodsLentivirus-mediated ER-α small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into HCC cells Hep3B. ER-α expression was monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were examined by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT), flow cytometry (FCM), and invasion assay, respectively.ResultsER-α siRNA efficiently downregulated the expression of ER-α in Hep3B cells at both mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner. ER-α siRNA also inhibited cell proliferation and reduced cell invasion (compared with other groups, P < 0.05, resp.). Furthermore, knockdown of ER-α slowed down the cell population at S phase and increased the rate of apoptosis (P < 0.05, resp.).ConclusionER-α knockdown suppressed the growth of HCC cells. Thus, ER-α may play a very important role in carcinogenesis of HCC and its knockdown may offer a new potential gene therapy approach for human liver cancer in the future.

| S-EPMC4564599 | biostudies-literature

N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-Adenosine Induces Apoptosis via ER Stress and Autophagy of Gastric Carcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo.

Project description:Gastric cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the digestive tract and is great challenge in clinical treatment. N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA), widely present in various fungi, is a natural adenosine derivative with many biological and pharmacological activities. Here, we assessed the antineoplastic effect of HEA on gastric carcinoma. HEA exerted cytotoxic effects against gastric carcinoma cells (SGC-7901 and AGS) in a dose and time-dependent manner. Additionally, we found that HEA induced reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization. Moreover, it could trigger caspase-dependent apoptosis, promoting intracellular Ca2+-related endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. On the other hand, HEA could significantly inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice and induce apoptosis of tumor tissues cells in vivo. In conclusion, HEA induced apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that HEA is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for gastric carcinoma.

| S-EPMC7461581 | biostudies-literature

A copper chelate of thiosemicarbazone NSC 689534 induces oxidative/ER stress and inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.

Project description:In this study, a Cu(2+) chelate of the novel thiosemicarbazone NSC 689534 was evaluated for in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity. Results demonstrated that NSC 689534 activity (low micromolar range) was enhanced four- to fivefold by copper chelation and completely attenuated by iron. Importantly, once formed, the NSC 689534/Cu(2+) complex retained activity in the presence of additional iron or iron-containing biomolecules. NSC 689534/Cu(2+) mediated its effects primarily through the induction of ROS, with depletion of cellular glutathione and protein thiols. Pretreatment of cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine impaired activity, whereas NSC 689534/Cu(2+) effectively synergized with the glutathione biosynthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine. Microarray analysis of NSC 689534/Cu(2+)-treated cells highlighted activation of pathways involved in oxidative and ER stress/UPR, autophagy, and metal metabolism. Further scrutiny of the role of ER stress and autophagy indicated that NSC 689534/Cu(2+)-induced cell death was ER-stress dependent and autophagy independent. Last, NSC 689534/Cu(2+) was shown to have activity in an HL60 xenograft model. These data suggest that NSC 689534/Cu(2+) is a potent oxidative stress inducer worthy of further preclinical investigation.

| S-EPMC3014388 | biostudies-literature

Deoxyelephantopin induces apoptosis via oxidative stress and enhances gemcitabine sensitivity in vitro and in vivo through targeting the NF-?B signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer.

Project description:Pancreatic cancer is a highly invasive malignant tumor of the digestive system with an unfavorable prognosis worldwide. This trait is thought to be largely attributed to chemoresistance. Chemotherapy is the only hope for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Therefore, seeking new effective chemotherapy drugs has become an urgent need. The purpose of our study was to explore whether deoxyelephantopin (DET), a sesquiterpene lactone, has a potential antitumor effect in pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the antitumor effects of DET alone or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) and the potential mechanism of this combination were revealed. In vitro experiments showed that DET suppressed the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells, induced cell apoptosis via oxidative stress, and enhanced GEM sensitivity by inhibiting the NF-?B signaling pathway. Beyond that, in vivo experiments showed that DET not only inhibited pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis but also amplified the antitumor capacity of GEM, which was related to the downregulation of NF-?B and its downstream gene products. In summary, it is possible that DET could be developed as a single agent or combined with conventional chemotherapy drugs to improve the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

| S-EPMC7346037 | biostudies-literature

The Hydroxyquinoline Analogue YUM70 Inhibits GRP78 to Induce ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer.

Project description:GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa) is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. Cancer cells are highly proliferative and have high demand for protein synthesis and folding, which results in significant stress on the ER. To respond to ER stress and maintain cellular homeostasis, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes either survival or apoptotic death. Cancer cells utilize the UPR to promote survival and growth. In this study, we describe the discovery of a series of novel hydroxyquinoline GRP78 inhibitors. A representative analogue, YUM70, inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and showed in vivo efficacy in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model with no toxicity to normal tissues. YUM70 directly bound GRP78 and inactivated its function, resulting in ER stress-mediated apoptosis. A YUM70 analogue conjugated with BODIPY showed colocalization of the compound with GRP78 in the ER. Moreover, a YUM70-PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) was synthesized to force degradation of GRP78 in pancreatic cancer cells. YUM70 showed a strong synergistic cytotoxicity with topotecan and vorinostat. Together, our study demonstrates that YUM70 is a novel inducer of ER stress, with preclinical efficacy as a monotherapy or in combination with topoisomerase and HDAC inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a novel ER stress inducer that binds GRP78 and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.

| S-EPMC8137563 | biostudies-literature

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