Dataset Information

Population pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release multiple-layer beads in pediatric subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

ABSTRACT: A new multilayer-bead formulation of extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH-MLR) has been evaluated in pharmacokinetic studies in healthy adults and in Phase III efficacy/safety studies in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using available data in healthy adults, a two-input, one-compartment, first-order elimination population pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling. The model was then extended to pediatric subjects, and was found to adequately describe plasma concentration-time data for this population. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was also developed using change from baseline in the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS)-IV total scores from a pediatric Phase III trial and simulated plasma concentration-time data. During simulations for each MPH-MLR dose level (10-80 mg), increased body weight resulted in decreased maximum concentration. Additionally, as maximum concentration increased, ADHD-RS-IV total score improved (decreased). Knowledge of the relationship between dose, body weight, and clinical response following the administration of MPH-MLR in children and adolescents may be useful for clinicians selecting initial dosing of MPH-MLR. Additional study is needed to confirm these results.

SUBMITTER: Teuscher NS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4454220 | biostudies-literature | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Population pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release multiple-layer beads in pediatric subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Teuscher Nathan S NS Adjei Akwete A Findling Robert L RL Greenhill Laurence L LL Kupper Robert J RJ Wigal Sharon S

Drug design, development and therapy 20150526

A new multilayer-bead formulation of extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH-MLR) has been evaluated in pharmacokinetic studies in healthy adults and in Phase III efficacy/safety studies in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using available data in healthy adults, a two-input, one-compartment, first-order elimination population pharmacokinetic model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effect modeling. The model was then extended to pediatri ...[more]

PMID: 26060393

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Project description:OBJECTIVE:This was a single-dose, one-period, multicenter, pharmacokinetic (PK) study to evaluate the PK of methylphenidate (MPH) hydrochloride multilayer extended-release capsules (MPH-MLR) in preschool children aged 4 to < 6 years, previously diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and on a stable dose of MPH. METHODS:Preschool-aged children (N = 10) received a single oral dose of MPH-MLR (10, 15, or 20 mg) sprinkled over applesauce; a dose equivalent to their pre-enrollment daily dose of MPH. Blood samples for the measurement of MPH concentrations were obtained pre-dose and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h post-dose. No structural model was assumed in the derivation of PK values for analysis. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life, clearance (CL), and volume of distribution (Vd) data were compared with a historical group of older children aged 6-11 years (N = 11) and analyzed by bodyweight. Safety (adverse event monitoring, vital signs, electrocardiogram, clinical laboratory testing, physical examination) was assessed. RESULTS:Mean dose-normalized Cmax and area under the curve to the last measurable observation (AUC0-t) values were similar across dose groups, ranging from 0.67 ng/mL/mg (MPH 15 mg) to 0.81 ng/mL/mg (MPH 10 mg) for Cmax/dose, and from 7.80 h × ng/mL/mg (MPH 20 mg) to 8.92 h × ng/mL/mg (MPH 10 mg) for AUC0-t/dose. PK results were integrated into a previously described pharmacostatistical population PK model. Visual predictive check plots showed greater variability in the 6- to 11-year-old group than the 4- to < 6-year-old group, and CL increased with increasing body weight in a greater than dose-proportional manner. Mean CL, normalized for body weight, was constant for all dose groups, ranging from 4.88 L/h/kg to 5.80 L/h/kg. Median time to Cmax ranged from 2.00 to 3.00 h post-dose, and overall, dose-normalized Cmax concentrations indicated greater systemic exposures of MPH-MLR in preschool children aged 4 to < 6 years compared with children aged 6-11 years. Children aged 4 to < 6 years had a lower Vd than children aged 6-11 years. There were no unexpected safety signals. CONCLUSION:The PK of MPH-MLR in preschool children demonstrated the biphasic absorption profile described earlier in older children, and the PK profile in children with ADHD aged 4 to < 6 years was similar to the profile in those aged 6-11 years, apart from a lower Vd and relatively higher systemic MPH levels for children in the preschool group. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02470234.

Project description:IntroductionTreatment options for adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are limited. The study was conducted to confirm the clinically effective and safe dose of methylphenidate hydrochloride modified-release (MPH-LA) in adults with ADHD and evaluate the maintenance of effect of MPH-LA.MethodsThe study consisted of three treatment phases. The double-blind dose-confirmation phase: 9-week double-blind period (3-week titration period, 6-week fixed dose) with randomization to MPH-LA 40, 60, or 80 mg/day or placebo. The real-life dose-optimization phase: a 5-week re-titration period to optimal dose; and the double-blind maintenance of effect phase, a 6-month double-blind randomized placebo-controlled maintenance of effect phase. The three co-primary endpoints were change in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV ADHD Rating Scale (DSM-IV ADHD RS) and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) total scores from baseline to end of 9-week confirmation phase and the percentage of treatment failures during the 6-month maintenance of effect phase.Results725 of 863 screened patients were randomized to 40 (N = 181), 60 (N = 182), or 80 mg (N = 181) MPH-LA or placebo (N = 181), and 584 (80.6%) completed. 489 (83.7%) of completers were re-randomized to the double-blinded maintenance of effect phase and 235 (48.1%) of them completed. Improvement from baseline in DSM-IV ADHD RS (P < 0.0001 for all comparisons) and SDS (40 mg, P = 0.0003; 60 mg, P = 0.0176; 80 mg, P < 0.0001) total scores was significantly greater vs. placebo for all MPH-LA doses. Treatment failure rate was significantly lower with MPH-LA (21.3%) versus placebo (49.6%) during the 6-month maintenance of effect phase. Safety profile was consistent with the profile for MPH-LA in children; percentage of serious adverse events was comparable between all MPH-LA arms (1.3%) and placebo (1.5%), while percentage of adverse events was higher in MPH-LA arms.ConclusionMPH-LA provided and maintained significant symptomatic and functional improvement in adult ADHD patients.

Project description:OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to assess the time of onset and time course of efficacy over 12.0 hours of extended-release multilayer bead formulation of methylphenidate (MPH-MLR) compared with placebo in children 6-12 years of age with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a laboratory school setting. METHODS:This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study included children 6-12 years of age with ADHD. Enrolled children went through four study phases: 1) Screening period (?4 weeks) and a 2 day medication washout period; 2) open-label period with dose initiation of MPH-MLR 15?mg daily and individual dose optimization treatment period (2-4 weeks); 3) double-blind crossover period in which participants were randomized to sequences (1 week each) of placebo and the optimized MPH-MLR dose given daily; and 4) follow-up safety call. Analog classroom time course evaluations were performed at the end of each double-blind week. The primary efficacy end-point was the mean of the on-treatment/postdose Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP)-Total scores over time points collected 1.0-12.0 hours after dosing. End-points were evaluated using a mixed-effects analysis of covariance. RESULTS:The evaluable population included 20 participants. The least-squares mean postdose SKAMP-Total score was higher for placebo than for MPH-MLR (2.18 vs. 1.32, respectively; p=0.0001), indicating fewer symptoms with MPH-MLR therapy than with placebo. No difference in SKAMP-Total score between participants who received sequence 1 or sequence 2 was noted. From each of hours 1.0-12.0, least-squares mean SKAMP-Total score was significantly lower for those receiving MPH-MLR than for those receiving placebo (p?0.0261). Neither serious adverse events nor new or unexpected safety findings were noted during the study. CONCLUSIONS:MPH-MLR showed a significant decrease in SKAMP scores compared with placebo in children with ADHD 6-12 years of age, indicating a decrease in ADHD symptoms. The estimated onset was observed within 1.0 hour, and duration was measured to 12.0 hours postdose. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01269463.

Project description:BackgroundPsychostimulants remain first-line treatment options for the management of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A multilayer extended-release bead methylphenidate capsule (provisional name Aptensio XR™, MPH-MLR) with unique release properties is being investigated for the treatment of ADHD.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy (primary) and safety and tolerability (secondary) of MPH-MLR compared with placebo in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years with ADHD.MethodsThis study was a parallel, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled, forced-dose, phase III study in which patients were randomized to placebo or MPH-MLR 10, 15, 20, or 40 mg given once daily. There were four study phases: (1) 4-week screening/baseline; (2) 1-week, double-blind treatment (DBP); (3) 11-week, open-label, dose-optimization period; and (4) 30-day follow-up call. During the open-label dose-optimization period all patients started with MPH-MLR 10 mg, unless the investigator deemed it necessary to begin at a higher dose, and were titrated to an optimized dose (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 mg; all given once daily) based on response and adverse events (AEs). The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to end of DBP in ADHD Rating Scale, 4th Edition (ADHD-RS-IV) total score. Secondary endpoints included changes in ADHD-RS-IV subscales and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale (CGI-I) at the end of the DBP. The primary analysis was an analysis of covariance including terms for treatment, site, and baseline ADHD-RS-IV total score.ResultsA total of 221 patients completed the DBP. The primary endpoint had a statistically significant difference among treatments (p = 0.0046) and sites (p = 0.0018), and baseline covariate made a significant contribution (p < 0.0001). As the MPH-MLR dose increased, the ADHD-RS-IV total score improved; the 20 and 40 mg doses were statistically different (p = 0.0145 and p = 0.0011, respectively) from placebo. Females responded differently than did males (p = 0.0238); there was a significant difference among treatments for males but not for females, partly because only one-third of subjects were female and partly because some females who received placebo had considerable improvement during the DBP. Similarly, the ADHD-RS-IV subscales and CGI-I scores at the end of the DBP also showed more improvement as the dose of MPH-MLR increased. During the open-label phase, ADHD-RS-IV total scores improved (mean change from baseline -22.5) and correlated as the dose of MPH-MLR increased; CGI-I scores also improved. No unexpected AEs were noted.ConclusionsDose-related improvements in ADHD-RS-IV scores that exceeded those of placebo were observed in patients treated with MPH-MLR. No new safety signals were noted.

Project description:This phase 3, laboratory classroom study assessed the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release chewable tablets (MPH ERCT) compared with placebo in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Following a 6-week, open-label, dose-optimization period, children 6-12 years of age (n?=?90) with ADHD were randomly assigned to double-blind MPH ERCT at the final optimized dose (20-60?mg/day) or placebo. After 1 week of double-blind treatment, efficacy was assessed predose and 0.75, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, and 13 hours postdose in a laboratory classroom setting. The primary efficacy measure was the average of postdose Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) Rating Scale-Combined scores, analyzed using a mixed-model, repeated-measures analysis. Secondary efficacy measures included Permanent Product Measure of Performance (PERMP) total number of problems attempted and total number of problems correct. Safety assessments included adverse event (AE) monitoring and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS).MPH ERCT treatment statistically significantly reduced the average of all postdose SKAMP-Combined scores versus placebo (least-squares mean difference [95% confidence interval], -7.0 [-10.9, -3.1]; p?<?0.001). Statistically significant treatment differences in SKAMP-Combined scores were observed at 2 hours postdose through 8 hours postdose (p-values <0.001). Statistically significant differences between MPH ERCT and placebo in PERMP total number of problems attempted and total number of problems correct were observed at 0.75 hours postdose through 8 hours postdose (p-values ?0.049). Common AEs in the open-label period (?5%) were decreased appetite, upper abdominal pain, mood swings, irritability, insomnia, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), dysgeusia, and headache; URTI was the only AE reported by >1 subject receiving MPH ERCT in the double-blind period (placebo: URTI, contusion, wound, and initial insomnia). No suicidal ideation or behavior was reported on the C-SSRS at baseline or at any postbaseline assessment.MPH ERCT 20-60?mg significantly improved ADHD symptoms compared with placebo at 2 hours postdose through at least 8 hours postdose. MPH ERCT was generally safe and well tolerated, with a safety profile consistent with other MPH ER formulations. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01654250. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01654250 .

Project description:Guanfacine extended release (GXR) and atomoxetine (ATX) are nonstimulant treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As nonstimulant treatments are often used after stimulants in ADHD, GXR was assessed relative to prior stimulant treatment in a randomized controlled trial (RCT), in which ATX was included as a reference arm, and in the open-label phase of a randomized-withdrawal study (RWS). Participants were 6-17 years old with ADHD Rating Scale version IV (ADHD-RS-IV) scores ≥32 and Clinical Global Impressions - Severity scores ≥4. RCT participants received dose-optimized GXR (1-7 mg/day), ATX (10-100 mg/day), or placebo for 10-13 weeks. RWS participants received dose-optimized GXR (1-7 mg/day) for 13 weeks. Participants' last stimulant medication prior to enrolment, and reasons for stopping this medication, were collected at baseline. Change from baseline ADHD-RS-IV score and the proportion of responders were assessed by prior stimulant exposure. Of 163 RCT and 296 RWS participants who had previously received stimulant treatment, 142 and 224, respectively, had received methylphenidate (MPH); due to the low number of participants and the heterogeneity of non-MPH treatments, we only report data for prior MPH treatment. The most frequent reasons for stopping MPH were lack of effectiveness or side effects. Placebo-adjusted ADHD-RS-IV changes from baseline were significant in participants receiving GXR (prior MPH, -9.8, P<0.001, effect size [ES] 0.85; stimulant-naïve, -7.6, P<0.001, ES 0.65). In ATX-treated participants, significant placebo-adjusted differences were seen in stimulant-naïve (-5.0, P=0.022, ES 0.43) but not prior MPH-treated (-1.8, P>0.05, ES 0.15) participants. More participants met responder criteria with GXR versus placebo, regardless of prior treatment. GXR response was unaffected by prior stimulant treatment; ATX produced improvement only in stimulant-naïve participants relative to placebo. These findings may be relevant to clinical decision-making regarding sequencing of ADHD treatments.

Dataset Information

Population pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release multiple-layer beads in pediatric subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Publications

Population pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release multiple-layer beads in pediatric subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

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