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Calorie Restriction and Matched Weight Loss From Exercise: Independent and Additive Effects on Glucoregulation and the Incretin System in Overweight Women and Men.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:It is not known whether calorie restriction (CR) has additive benefits to those from exercise (EX)-induced weight loss. We hypothesized that weight loss from CR and EX (CREX) improves insulin sensitivity more than matched weight loss induced by EX or CR alone and that the incretin system may be involved in adaptations to CR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Sedentary, overweight men and women (n = 52, 45-65 years of age) were randomized to undergo 6-8% weight loss by using CR, EX, or CREX. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, and incretin hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]) were measured during frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance tests (FSOGTTs). Incretin effects on insulin secretion were measured by comparing insulin secretion rates from the FSOGTTs to those from a glycemia-matched glucose infusion. RESULTS:Despite similar weight losses in all groups, insulin sensitivity index values increased twofold more in the CREX group (2.09 ± 0.35 ?M/kg/pM × 100) than in the CR (0.89 ± 0.39 ?M/kg/pM × 100) and EX (1.04 ± 0.39 ?M/kg/pM × 100) groups. Postprandial GLP-1 concentrations decreased only in the CR group (P = 0.04); GIP concentrations decreased in all groups. Incretin effects on insulin secretion were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS:CR and EX have additive beneficial effects on glucoregulation. Furthermore, the adaptations to CR may involve reductions in postprandial GLP-1 concentrations. These findings underscore the importance of promoting both CR and EX for optimal health. However, because data from participants who withdrew from the study and from those who did not adhere to the intervention were excluded, the results may be limited to individuals who are capable of adhering to a healthy lifestyle intervention.

SUBMITTER: Weiss EP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4477336 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Calorie Restriction and Matched Weight Loss From Exercise: Independent and Additive Effects on Glucoregulation and the Incretin System in Overweight Women and Men.

Weiss Edward P EP Albert Stewart G SG Reeds Dominic N DN Kress Kathleen S KS Ezekiel Uthayashanker R UR McDaniel Jennifer L JL Patterson Bruce W BW Klein Samuel S Villareal Dennis T DT

Diabetes care 20150415 7

<h4>Objective</h4>It is not known whether calorie restriction (CR) has additive benefits to those from exercise (EX)-induced weight loss. We hypothesized that weight loss from CR and EX (CREX) improves insulin sensitivity more than matched weight loss induced by EX or CR alone and that the incretin system may be involved in adaptations to CR.<h4>Research design and methods</h4>Sedentary, overweight men and women (n = 52, 45-65 years of age) were randomized to undergo 6-8% weight loss by using CR ...[more]

PMID: 25877812

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Project description:BackgroundCalorie restriction (CR) is promoted to increase longevity, yet this regimen could lead to bone loss and fracture and therefore affect quality of life.MethodsForty-six individuals were randomized to 4 groups for 6 months: (1) healthy diet (control group); (2) 25% CR from baseline energy requirements (CR group); (3) 25% energy deficit by a combination of CR and increased aerobic exercise (CR + EX group); and (4) low-calorie diet (890 kcal/d; goal, 15% weight loss) followed by weight maintenance (LCD group). Bone mineral density (total body and hip by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) and serum bone markers (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen, and cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen) were measured at baseline and after 6 months.ResultsMean +/- SE body weight was reduced by -1.0% +/- 1.1% (control), -10.4% +/- 0.9% (CR), -10.0% +/- 0.8% (CR + EX), and -13.9% +/- 0.7% (LCD). Compared with the control group, none of the groups showed any change in bone mineral density for total body or hip. Bone resorption by serum cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen was increased in all 3 intervention groups, with the largest change observed in the LCD group (CR, 23% +/- 10%; CR + EX, 22% +/- 9%; and LCD, 74% +/- 16% vs control, 4% +/- 10%). Serum levels of cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen were also increased in the LCD group. With regard to bone formation, bone alkaline phosphatase levels were decreased in the CR group (-23% +/- 10%) but were unchanged in the CR + EX, LCD, and control groups.ConclusionsModerate CR, with or without exercise, that preserves calcium intake for 6 months leads to large changes in body composition without significant bone loss in young adults. Longer studies with assessments of bone architecture are needed to confirm that CR nutrient-dense diets have no deleterious effect on bone health.Trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00099151.

Project description:Background/Purpose: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we assessed the effects of exercise (EX) combined with calorie restriction (CR) intervention on inflammatory biomarkers, and correlations between biomarkers and participants' characteristics were calculated in overweight and obese adults. Methods: An article search was conducted through PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane database, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify articles published up to April 2021. Studies that examined the effect of EX + CR intervention on inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and compared them with a CR trial in overweight and obese adults were included. We calculated the pooled effect by meta-analysis, identified the correlations (between inflammatory biomarkers and participants' characteristics) through meta-regression, and explored the beneficial variable through subgroup analysis. The Cochrane risk of bias tool and Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies were used to assess the risk of bias for the included trials. Results: A total of 23 trials, including 1196 overweight and obese adults, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled effect showed that EX + CR intervention significantly decreased CRP levels (P = 0.02), but had no effect on IL-6 (P = 0.62) and TNF-α (P = 0.11). Meta-regression analysis showed that the effect of EX + CR on CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α changes was correlated with lifestyle behavior of adults (Coef. = -0.380, P = 0.018; Coef. = -0.359, P = 0.031; Coef. = -0.424, P = 0.041, respectively), but not with age and BMI. The subgroup analysis results revealed that participants with sedentary lifestyle behavior did not respond to EX + CR intervention, as we found no changes in CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations (P = 0.84, P = 0.16, P = 0.92, respectively). However, EX + CR intervention significantly decreased CRP (P = 0.0003; SMD = -0.39; 95%CI: -0.60 to -0.18), IL-6 (P = 0.04; SMD = -0.21; 95%CI: -0.40 to -0.01) and TNF-α (P = 0.006; SMD = -0.40, 95%CI: -0.68 to -0.12) in adults without a sedentary lifestyle or with a normal lifestyle. Furthermore, the values between sedentary and normal lifestyle subgroups were statistically significant for CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α. Conclusion: Our findings showed that combination EX + CR intervention effectively decreased CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in overweight and obese adults with active lifestyles, but not with sedentary lifestyle behavior. We suggest that 'lifestyle behavior' is a considerable factor when designing new intervention programs for overweight or obese adults to improve their inflammatory response.

Project description:BackgroundExercise intensity may affect the selective loss of abdominal adipose tissue.ObjectiveThis study showed whether aerobic exercise intensity affects the loss of abdominal fat and improvement in cardiovascular disease risk factors under conditions of equal energy deficit in women with abdominal obesity.DesignThis was a randomized trial in 112 overweight and obese [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 25-40; waist circumference >88 cm], postmenopausal women assigned to one of three 20-wk interventions of equal energy deficit: calorie restriction (CR only), CR plus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (CR + moderate-intensity), or CR plus vigorous-intensity exercise (CR + vigorous-intensity). The diet was a controlled program of underfeeding during which meals were provided at individual calorie levels (approximately 400 kcal/d). Exercise (3 d/wk) involved treadmill walking at an intensity of 45-50% (moderate-intensity) or 70-75% (vigorous-intensity) of heart rate reserve. The primary outcome was abdominal visceral fat volume.ResultsAverage weight loss for the 95 women who completed the study was 12.1 kg (+/-4.5 kg) and was not significantly different across groups. Maximal oxygen uptake ( O(2)max) increased more in the CR + vigorous-intensity group than in either of the other groups (P < 0.05). The CR-only group lost relatively more lean mass than did either exercise group (P < 0.05). All groups showed similar decreases in abdominal visceral fat (approximately 25%; P < 0.001 for all). However, changes in visceral fat were inversely related to increases in O(2)max (P < 0.01). Changes in lipids, fasting glucose or insulin, and 2-h glucose and insulin areas during the oral-glucose-tolerance test were similar across treatment groups.ConclusionWith a similar amount of total weight loss, lean mass is preserved, but there is not a preferential loss of abdominal fat when either moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise is performed during caloric restriction. This trial was registered at (ClinicalTrials.gov) as: NCT00664729.

Dataset Information

Calorie Restriction and Matched Weight Loss From Exercise: Independent and Additive Effects on Glucoregulation and the Incretin System in Overweight Women and Men.

Publications

Calorie Restriction and Matched Weight Loss From Exercise: Independent and Additive Effects on Glucoregulation and the Incretin System in Overweight Women and Men.

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