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Inhibition of cGAS DNA Sensing by a Herpesvirus Virion Protein.

ABSTRACT: Invading viral DNA can be recognized by the host cytosolic DNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), resulting in production of the second messenger cGAMP, which directs the adaptor protein STING to stimulate production of type I interferons (IFNs). Although several DNA viruses are sensed by cGAS, viral strategies targeting cGAS are virtually unknown. We report here that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF52, an abundant gammaherpesvirus-specific tegument protein, subverts cytosolic DNA sensing by directly inhibiting cGAS enzymatic activity through a mechanism involving both cGAS binding and DNA binding. Moreover, ORF52 homologs in other gammaherpesviruses also inhibit cGAS activity and similarly bind cGAS and DNA, suggesting conserved inhibitory mechanisms. Furthermore, KSHV infection evokes cGAS-dependent responses that can limit the infection, and an ORF52 null mutant exhibits increased cGAS signaling. Our findings reveal a mechanism through which gammaherpesviruses antagonize host cGAS DNA sensing.

SUBMITTER: Wu JJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4567405 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Inhibition of cGAS DNA Sensing by a Herpesvirus Virion Protein.

Wu Jian-jun JJ Li Wenwei W Shao Yaming Y Avey Denis D Fu Bishi B Gillen Joseph J Hand Travis T Ma Siming S Liu Xia X Miley Wendell W Konrad Andreas A Neipel Frank F Stürzl Michael M Whitby Denise D Li Hong H Zhu Fanxiu F

Cell host & microbe 20150827 3

Invading viral DNA can be recognized by the host cytosolic DNA sensor, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), resulting in production of the second messenger cGAMP, which directs the adaptor protein STING to stimulate production of type I interferons (IFNs). Although several DNA viruses are sensed by cGAS, viral strategies targeting cGAS are virtually unknown. We report here that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF52, an abundant gammaherpesvirus-specific tegument protein, subver ...[more]

PMID: 26320998

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Project description:Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a key DNA sensor capable of detecting microbial DNA and activating the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING), leading to interferon (IFN) production and host antiviral responses. Cells exhibited reduced type I IFN production in response to cytosolic DNA in the absence of cGAS. Although the cGAS/STING-mediated DNA-sensing signal is crucial for host defense against many viruses, especially for DNA viruses, few viral components have been identified to specifically target this signaling pathway. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a DNA virus that has evolved multiple strategies to evade host immune responses. In the present study, we found that HSV-1 tegument protein UL41 was involved in counteracting the cGAS/STING-mediated DNA-sensing pathway. Our results showed that wild-type (WT) HSV-1 infection could inhibit immunostimulatory DNA-induced activation of the IFN signaling pathway compared with the UL41-null mutant virus (R2621), and ectopic expression of UL41 decreased cGAS/STING-mediated IFN-β promoter activation and IFN-β production. Further study indicated that UL41 reduced the accumulation of cGAS to abrogate host recognition of viral DNA. In addition, stable knockdown of cGAS facilitated the replication of R2621 but not WT HSV-1. For the first time, HSV-1 UL41 was demonstrated to evade the cGAS/STING-mediated DNA-sensing pathway by degrading cGAS via its RNase activity.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 is well known for its ability to evade host antiviral responses and establish a lifelong latent infection while triggering reactivation and lytic infection under stress. Currently, whether HSV-1 evades the cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling is still poorly understood. In the present study, we found that tegument protein UL41 targeted the cGAS/STING-mediated cellular DNA-sensing pathway by selectively degrading cGAS mRNA. Knockdown of endogenous cGAS could facilitate the replication of R2621 but not WT HSV-1. Furthermore, UL41 was shown for the first time to act directly on cGAS. Findings in this study could provide new insights into the host-virus interaction and help develop new approaches against HSV-1.

Dataset Information

Inhibition of cGAS DNA Sensing by a Herpesvirus Virion Protein.

Publications

Inhibition of cGAS DNA Sensing by a Herpesvirus Virion Protein.

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