Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Campos GS
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4593454 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Sequencing of isolates from patients in Bahia, Brazil, where most Zika virus cases in Brazil have been reported, resulted in 11 whole and partial Zika virus genomes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a well-supported Bahia-specific Zika virus lineage, which indicates sustained Zika virus circulation in Salvador, Bahia's capital city, since mid-2014.
| S-EPMC5038429 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A localized Chikungunya virus (CHIKV; East/Central/South African genotype) outbreak (50 cases, 70% laboratory-confirmed; attack rate: 5.3 confirmed cases/100 people) occurred in a Salvador, Brazil neighborhood, between Apr-Jun/2017. Highly clustered cases in space and time, mostly along a single street, highlight an increased risk of CHIKV transmission among pockets of susceptible populations. This finding underscores the need for ongoing local level surveillance for arboviral outbreaks.
| S-EPMC6396974 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundChikungunya virus (CHIKV) entered Brazil in 2014, causing a large outbreak in Feira de Santana, state of Bahia. Although cases have been recorded in Salvador, the capital of Bahia, located ~100 km of Feira de Santana, CHIKV transmission has not been perceived to occur epidemically, largely contrasting with the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and ensuing complications reaching the city in 2015.Methodology/principal findingsThis study aimed to determine the intensity of CHIKV transmission in Salvador between November 2014 and April 2016. Results of all the CHIKV laboratory tests performed in the public sector were obtained and the frequency of positivity was analyzed by epidemiological week. Of the 2,736 tests analyzed, 456 (16.7%) were positive. An increasing in the positivity rate was observed, starting in January/2015, and peaking at 68% in August, shortly after the exanthematous illness outbreak attributed to ZIKV.Conclusions/significancePublic health authorities and health professionals did not immediately detect the increase in CHIKV cases, likely because all the attention was directed to the ZIKV outbreak and ensuing complications. It is important that regions in the world that harbor arbovirus vectors and did not experience intense ZIKV and CHIKV transmission be prepared for the potential co-emergence of these two viruses.
| S-EPMC5289630 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Infection with Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus has been casually linked with increased congenital microcephaly in Brazil from 2015 through 2016. Sensitive and specific diagnosis of patients with Zika fever (ZIKF) remains critical for patient management. We developed a ZIKV NS5 qRT-PCR assay by combining primers described by Balm et al. and a new Taqman probe. The assay was evaluated and compared with another assay described by Lanciotti et al. (ZIKV 1107) using 51 blood and 42 urine samples from 54 suspected ZIKV patients. ZIKV NS5 performed better in terms of sensitivity with more samples detected as ZIKV-positive (n?=?37) than ZIKV 1107 (n?=?34) for urine, and ZIKV-positive (n?=?29) than ZIKV 1107 (n?=?26) for blood. Both assays displayed good overall agreement for urine (?appa?=?0.770) and blood (?appa?=?0.825) samples. Improved availability of validated diagnostic tests, such ZIKV NS5 qRT-PCR, will be critical to ensure adequate and accurate ZIKV diagnosis.
| S-EPMC5838246 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND:In 2015, Brazil was faced with the cocirculation of three arboviruses of major public health importance. The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) presents new challenges to both clinicians and public health authorities. Overlapping clinical features between diseases caused by ZIKV, Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) and the lack of validated serological assays for ZIKV make accurate diagnosis difficult. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:The outpatient service for acute febrile illnesses in Fiocruz initiated a syndromic clinical observational study in 2007 to capture unusual presentations of DENV infections. In January 2015, an increase of cases with exanthematic disease was observed. Trained physicians evaluated the patients using a detailed case report form that included clinical assessment and laboratory investigations. The laboratory diagnostic algorithm included assays for detection of ZIKV, CHIKV and DENV. 364 suspected cases of Zika virus disease were identified based on clinical criteria between January and July 2015. Of these, 262 (71.9%) were tested and 119 (45.4%) were confirmed by the detection of ZIKV RNA. All of the samples with sequence information available clustered within the Asian genotype. CONCLUSIONS / SIGNIFICANCE:This is the first report of a ZIKV outbreak in the state of Rio de Janeiro, based on a large number of suspected (n = 364) and laboratory confirmed cases (n = 119). We were able to demonstrate that ZIKV was circulating in Rio de Janeiro as early as January 2015. The peak of the outbreak was documented in May/June 2015. More than half of the patients reported headache, arthralgia, myalgia, non-purulent conjunctivitis, and lower back pain, consistent with the case definition of suspected ZIKV disease issued by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). However, fever, when present, was low-intensity and short-termed. In our opinion, pruritus, the second most common clinical sign presented by the confirmed cases, should be added to the PAHO case definition, while fever could be given less emphasis. The emergence of ZIKV as a new pathogen for Brazil in 2015 underscores the need for clinical vigilance and strong epidemiological and laboratory surveillance.
| S-EPMC4829157 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of samples from 15 patients with documented Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Bahia, Brazil, from April 2015 to January 2016 identified coinfections with chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 2 of 15 ZIKV-positive cases by PCR (13.3%). While generally nonspecific, the clinical presentation corresponding to these two CHIKV/ZIKV coinfections reflected infection by the virus present at a higher titer. Aside from CHIKV and ZIKV, coinfections of other viral pathogens were not detected. The mNGS approach is promising for differential diagnosis of acute febrile illness and identification of coinfections, although targeted arbovirus screening may be sufficient in the current ZIKV outbreak setting.
| S-EPMC5005514 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:To identify newborns with congenital Zika infection (CZI) at a maternity hospital in Salvador, Brazil, during the 2016 microcephaly outbreak. METHODS:A prospective study enrolled microcephalic and normocephalic newborns with suspected CZI between January and December 2016. Serology (immunoglobulins IgM and IgG) and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for the Zika virus were performed. Demographic and clinical characteristics of newborns with and without microcephaly were compared. RESULTS:Of the 151 newborns enrolled, 32 (21.2%) were classified as microcephalic. The majority of these cases were born between January and May 2016. IgM and IgG Zika virus antibodies were detected in 5 (23.8%) and 17 (80.9%) microcephalic newborn blood samples, respectively. Six (24%) microcephalic newborns tested positive for Zika virus by RT-qPCR in urine or placenta samples. Thirteen (11.8%) normocephalic newborns also tested positive for Zika virus by PCR in urine, plasma, or placenta samples, while IgM antibodies against Zika were detected in 4 (4.2%) others. CONCLUSIONS:Identification of 17 normocephalic CZI cases, confirmed by IgM serology or RT-qPCR for Zika virus, provides evidence that CZI can present asymptomatically at birth. This finding highlights the need for prenatal and neonatal screening for Zika virus in endemic regions.
| S-EPMC7064952 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC3311119 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A Zika virus disease outbreak occurred in Roatán, Honduras, during September 2015-July 2016. Blood samples and clinical information were obtained from 183 patients given a clinical diagnosis of suspected dengue virus infection. A total of 79 patients were positive for Zika virus, 13 for chikungunya virus, and 6 for dengue virus.
| S-EPMC5547805 | biostudies-other