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Energy Expenditure Responses to Fasting and Overfeeding Identify Phenotypes Associated With Weight Change.

ABSTRACT: Because it is unknown whether 24-h energy expenditure (EE) responses to dietary extremes will identify phenotypes associated with weight regulation, the aim of this study was to determine whether such responses to fasting or overfeeding are associated with future weight change. The 24-h EE during energy balance, fasting, and four different overfeeding diets with 200% energy requirements was measured in a metabolic chamber in 37 subjects with normal glucose regulation while they resided on our clinical research unit. Diets were given for 24 h each and included the following: (1) low protein (3%), (2) standard (50% carbohydrate, 20% protein), (3) high fat (60%), and (4) high carbohydrate (75%). Participants returned for follow-up 6 months after the initial measures. The decrease in 24-h EE during fasting and the increase with overfeeding were correlated. A larger reduction in EE during fasting, a smaller EE response to low-protein overfeeding, and a larger response to high-carbohydrate overfeeding all correlated with weight gain. The association of the fasting EE response with weight change was not independent from that of low protein in a multivariate model. We identified the following two independent propensities associated with weight gain: a predilection for conserving energy during caloric and protein deprivation and a profligate response to large amounts of carbohydrates.

SUBMITTER: Schlogl M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4613969 | biostudies-literature | 2015 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Energy Expenditure Responses to Fasting and Overfeeding Identify Phenotypes Associated With Weight Change.

Schlögl Mathias M Piaggi Paolo P Pannacciuli Nicola N Bonfiglio Susan M SM Krakoff Jonathan J Thearle Marie S MS

Diabetes 20150716 11

Because it is unknown whether 24-h energy expenditure (EE) responses to dietary extremes will identify phenotypes associated with weight regulation, the aim of this study was to determine whether such responses to fasting or overfeeding are associated with future weight change. The 24-h EE during energy balance, fasting, and four different overfeeding diets with 200% energy requirements was measured in a metabolic chamber in 37 subjects with normal glucose regulation while they resided on our cl ...[more]

PMID: 26185280

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Project description:BackgroundIt has been proposed that compensations in physical activity, energy expenditure and sedentary parameters can occur as a result of overfeeding studies in order to maintain body weight; however, the evidence has not yet been systematically reviewed.MethodsThe current study systematically reviewed the literature on this subject to determine the common tools used in overfeeding studies and to explore whether overfeeding produces changes in physical activity, energy expenditure and sedentary parameters. Eight electronic databases were searched to identify experimental studies using keywords pertaining to overfeeding, exercise, physical activity and sedentariness. Articles included healthy adults (aged 18-64 years) participating in an overfeeding study that examined at least one parameter of sedentary, energy expenditure or physical activity. Of 123 full-text articles reviewed, 15 met the inclusion criteria.ResultsThe common tools used in overfeeding studies were doubly labeled water (n = 6), room calorimeter (n = 4), accelerometer (n = 7), pedometer (n = 3), radar sensor (n = 4) and survey (n = 1). Parameters partaining to energy expenditure increased between 7 to 50% with different overfeeding duration. Physical activity parameters, such as number of steps and spontaneous activity, increased or decreased significantly in three studies, while five studies showed no significant change. Sedentary parameters were examined by only one study and its results were not significant after 3 days of overfeeding. Methodological issues existed concerning the small number of studies, disparities in sedentary and physical activity parameters and various definitions of free-living experimental conditions and physical activity limits.ConclusionsThere is actually a use of many tools and a large variation of parameters for physical activity in overfeeding studies. Contradictory findings showed changes in physical activity parameters following overfeeding and limited findings support the absence of changes in sedentariness. While energy expenditure parameters are more numerous and all show an increase after an overfeeding period, further studies are required to confirm changes in physical activity and sedentary parameters.

Project description:BackgroundGreater increase in 24-h energy expenditure (24EE) during overfeeding and smaller decrease in 24EE during fasting ("spendthrift" metabolic phenotype) are associated with more weight loss during sustained caloric restriction in overweight subjects.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether these acute metabolic responses can also predict weight gain during sustained overfeeding in lean individuals.MethodsSeven lean men participated in this study. Prior to overfeeding, 24EE responses to fasting and 200% normal-protein overfeeding were measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter. Volunteers underwent 6 wk of 150% low-protein (2%) overfeeding followed by another wk of weight-maintaining diet, during which 24EE was revaluated. Body composition, 24EE, and various hormone concentrations, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), were assessed at baseline, at wk 1, 3, and 6 of the overfeeding period, and 1 wk following overfeeding through the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, indirect calorimetry, and ELISA. Cumulative energy surplus was calculated from 24EE, daily physical activity, and direct measurements of calories of nutrient intake, feces, and urine by bomb calorimetry.ResultsThe average weight gain during 6 wk of low-protein overfeeding was 3.8 kg (6.1%, min: +2.5%, max: +8.0%). During 24-h fasting at baseline, 24EE decreased on average (mean ± SD) by 158 ± 81 kcal/d (P = 0.007). Subjects with less 24EE decrease during fasting (more metabolically spendthrift individuals) gained less weight (r = -0.84, P = 0.03), less fat mass (r = -0.81, P = 0.049), and stored less calories (r = -0.91, P = 0.03) during overfeeding. Following overfeeding, increased 24EE above requirements for achieved body size was associated with less weight and fat mass gain (r = -0.78, P = 0.04) and with the increase in 24EE during 200% normal-protein overfeeding measured at baseline (r = 0.91, P = 0.005). Serum FGF21 concentrations increased up to 44-fold during overfeeding (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsLow-protein overfeeding may be an important tool to identify metabolic phenotypes (spendthrift compared with thrifty) that characterize susceptibility to weight gain. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00687115.

Project description:BackgroundIn homeothermic animals, approximately 50% of daily energy expenditure (EE) is spent to maintain a consistent core body temperature (CBT). In humans, little is known about CBT responses to feeding and overfeeding and their relationship to diet-related changes in EE.ObjectiveTo study the effects of feeding and overfeeding on CBT and its association with diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT).DesignFifty-three healthy men with normal glucose regulation and a wide range of body composition (mean ± SD, body fat: 25 ± 8%, range: 7-43%) had 24-h EE assessed during fasting in a whole-room indirect calorimeter with concomitant CBT measurement by ingestible capsules and 24-h urinary collection for catecholamine measurements. Changes in 24-h EE (DIT) and CBT compared to fasting were assessed during three normal-protein (20%) diets using a cross-over design: one eucaloric diet (EBL, 50% carbohydrate, n = 37) and two overfeeding diets with 200% energy requirements: a high-fat (FNP, 60% fat, n = 25) and a high-carbohydrate (CNP; 75% carbohydrate, n = 24) diet.ResultsThe average 24-h CBT (avgCBT) during fasting was 36.81 ± 0.14 °C (inter-individual CV = 0.4%) and positively correlated with 24-h urinary epinephrine (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), but not with body composition measures (p > 0.05). AvgCBT increased during EBL (Δ = 0.06 ± 0.11 °C, p = 0.002), FNP (Δ = 0.13 ± 0.14 °C, p < 0.001), and CNP (Δ = 0.19 ± 0.13 °C, p < 0.001) and associated with increased DIT during EBL (r = 0.43, p = 0.01, β = 31 kcal/day/0.1 °C) and FNP (r = 0.60, p = 0.002, β = 43 kcal/day/0.1 °C), but not CNP (p = 0.47). A ceiling effect for the increase in CBT, but not in DIT, was observed during feeding and, particularly, overfeeding.ConclusionsCBT increases with feeding and is moderately associated with DIT to a different degree depending on the macronutrient composition of the overfeeding diet. There is a ceiling effect such that individuals with a higher CBT during fasting have limited capacity to increase CBT with feeding. Because of body thermoregulatory mechanisms that maintain a constant CBT, these results indicate that CBT has a limited role in the inter-individual variability in DIT.

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Energy Expenditure Responses to Fasting and Overfeeding Identify Phenotypes Associated With Weight Change.

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Energy Expenditure Responses to Fasting and Overfeeding Identify Phenotypes Associated With Weight Change.

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