Dataset Information

Effects of Dietary Protein and Fiber at Breakfast on Appetite, ad Libitum Energy Intake at Lunch, and Neural Responses to Visual Food Stimuli in Overweight Adults.

ABSTRACT: Increasing either protein or fiber at mealtimes has relatively modest effects on ingestive behavior. Whether protein and fiber have additive or interactive effects on ingestive behavior is not known. Fifteen overweight adults (5 female, 10 male; BMI: 27.1 ± 0.2 kg/m²; aged 26 ± 1 year) consumed four breakfast meals in a randomized crossover manner (normal protein (12 g) + normal fiber (2 g), normal protein (12 g) + high fiber (8 g), high protein (25 g) + normal fiber (2 g), high protein (25 g) + high fiber (8 g)). The amount of protein and fiber consumed at breakfast did not influence postprandial appetite or ad libitum energy intake at lunch. In the fasting-state, visual food stimuli elicited significant responses in the bilateral insula and amygdala and left orbitofrontal cortex. Contrary to our hypotheses, postprandial right insula responses were lower after consuming normal protein vs. high protein breakfasts. Postprandial responses in other a priori brain regions were not significantly influenced by protein or fiber intake at breakfast. In conclusion, these data do not support increasing dietary protein and fiber at breakfast as effective strategies for modulating neural reward processing and acute ingestive behavior in overweight adults.

SUBMITTER: Sayer RD

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4728635 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of Dietary Protein and Fiber at Breakfast on Appetite, ad Libitum Energy Intake at Lunch, and Neural Responses to Visual Food Stimuli in Overweight Adults.

Sayer R Drew RD Amankwaah Akua F AF Tamer Gregory G GG Chen Ningning N Wright Amy J AJ Tregellas Jason R JR Cornier Marc-Andre MA Kareken David A DA Talavage Thomas M TM McCrory Megan A MA Campbell Wayne W WW

Nutrients 20160105 1

Increasing either protein or fiber at mealtimes has relatively modest effects on ingestive behavior. Whether protein and fiber have additive or interactive effects on ingestive behavior is not known. Fifteen overweight adults (5 female, 10 male; BMI: 27.1 ± 0.2 kg/m²; aged 26 ± 1 year) consumed four breakfast meals in a randomized crossover manner (normal protein (12 g) + normal fiber (2 g), normal protein (12 g) + high fiber (8 g), high protein (25 g) + normal fiber (2 g), high protein (25 g) + ...[more]

PMID: 26742068

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Project description:BackgroundAcute exercise does not elicit compensatory changes in appetite parameters in lean individuals; however, less is known about responses in overweight individuals. This study compared the acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on appetite, energy intake and appetite-regulatory hormones in lean and overweight/obese individuals.MethodsForty-seven healthy lean (n=22, 11 females; mean (s.d.) 37.5 (15.2) years; 22.4 (1.5) kg m-2) and overweight/obese (n=25, 11 females; 45.0 (12.4) years, 29.2 (2.9) kg m-2) individuals completed two, 8 h trials (exercise and control). In the exercise trial, participants completed 60 min treadmill exercise (59 (4)% peak oxygen uptake) at 0-1 h and rested thereafter while participants rested throughout the control trial. Appetite ratings and concentrations of acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured at predetermined intervals. Standardised meals were consumed at 1.5 and 4 h and an ad libitum buffet meal was provided at 7 h.ResultsExercise suppressed appetite (95% confidence interval (CI) -3.1 to -0.5 mm, P=0.01), and elevated delta PYY (95% CI 10 to 17 pg ml-1, P<0.001) and GLP-1 (95% CI 7 to 10 pmol l-1, P<0.001) concentrations. Delta acylated ghrelin concentrations (95% CI -5 to 3 pg ml-1, P=0.76) and ad libitum energy intake (95% CI -391 to 346 kJ, P=0.90) were similar between trials. Subjective and hormonal appetite parameters and ad libitum energy intake were similar between lean and overweight/obese individuals (P⩾0.27). The exercise-induced elevation in delta GLP-1 was greater in overweight/obese individuals (trial-by-group interaction P=0.01), whereas lean individuals exhibited a greater exercise-induced increase in delta PYY (trial-by-group interaction P<0.001).ConclusionsAcute moderate-intensity exercise transiently suppressed appetite and increased PYY and GLP-1 in the hours after exercise without stimulating compensatory changes in appetite in lean or overweight/obese individuals. These findings underscore the ability of exercise to induce a short-term energy deficit without any compensatory effects on appetite regardless of weight status.

Project description:BackgroundDietary protein and fiber have been shown to independently improve subjective measures of appetite control.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the acute effects of a high-protein, high-fiber (HP/HFb) beverage taken as a preload compared with an isocaloric lower-protein, lower-fiber (LP/LFb) placebo beverage on subjective appetite ratings and subsequent energy intake at an ad libitum meal in healthy adults.MethodsA total of 50 overweight/obese men and women [n = 25 men, 25 women; age 30 ± 2 y; body mass index (BMI) 29.6 ± 0.3 kg/m2] received a 160 kcal HP/HFb beverage containing 17 g protein and 6 g fiber on one occasion and an isocaloric LP/LFb placebo beverage containing 1 g protein and 3 g fiber on another occasion in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Thirty min after consumption of the beverage preload, an ad libitum pizza meal was provided to be consumed over a 30-min period. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used to assess subjective appetite ratings throughout the testing period. The Revised Restraint Scale (RRS) was used to classify participants as restrained or unrestrained eaters.ResultsHP/HFb led to greater reductions in postprandial desire to eat and hunger compared with LP/LFb (both, P < 0.05) but did not significantly affect postprandial fullness or prospective food consumption. Subsequent meal energy intake tended to be lower after HP/HFb compared with LP/LFb (P = 0.09). A subanalysis showed lower energy intake after HP/HFb in older participants (≥25 y) compared with LP/LFb, which was not observed in the younger participants (<25 y).ConclusionsCompared with LP/LFb, a HP/HFb beverage preload reduced hunger, desire to eat, and tended to reduce subsequent food intake. Dietary restraint and age appear to influence subsequent energy intake and should be taken into account when designing nutrition interventions for weight reduction and/or maintenance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02979717.

Project description:Background/objectivesBreakfast omission is positively associated with obesity and increased risk of disease. However, little is known about the acute effects of extended morning fasting upon subsequent energy intake and associated metabolic/regulatory factors in obese adults.Subjects/methodsIn a randomised cross-over design, 24 obese men (n=8) and women (n=16) extended their overnight fast by omitting breakfast consumption or ingesting a typical carbohydrate-rich breakfast of 2183±393 kJ (521±94 kcal), before an ad libitum pasta lunch 3 h later. Blood samples were obtained throughout the day until 3 h post lunch and analysed for hormones implicated in appetite regulation, along with metabolic outcomes and subjective appetite measures.ResultsLunch intake was unaffected by extended morning fasting (difference=218 kJ, 95% confidence interval -54 kJ, 490 kJ; P=0.1) resulting in lower total intake in the fasting trial (difference=-1964 kJ, 95% confidence interval -1645 kJ, -2281 kJ; P<0.01). Systemic concentrations of peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and leptin were lower during the afternoon following morning fasting (P⩽0.06). Plasma-acylated ghrelin concentrations were also lower following the ad libitum lunch in the fasting trial (P<0.05) but this effect was not apparent for total ghrelin (P⩾0.1). Serum insulin concentrations were greater throughout the afternoon in the fasting trial (P=0.05), with plasma glucose also greater 1 h after lunch (P<0.01). Extended morning fasting did not result in greater appetite ratings after lunch, with some tendency for lower appetite 3 h post lunch (P=0.09).ConclusionsWe demonstrate for the first time that, in obese adults, extended morning fasting does not cause compensatory intake during an ad libitum lunch nor does it increase appetite during the afternoon. Morning fasting reduced satiety hormone responses to a subsequent lunch meal but counterintuitively also reduced concentrations of the appetite-stimulating hormone-acylated ghrelin during the afternoon relative to lunch consumed after breakfast.

Project description:Background: The effects of meal-specific protein quantity and protein distribution throughout the day on daily food intake are relatively unknown. Objectives: The aims were to test 1) whether the consumption of higher-protein (HP) compared with normal-protein (NP) meals consumed at each eating occasion reduce free-living, daily carbohydrate and fat intakes in overweight women during energy balance conditions and 2) whether the distribution of protein consumed throughout the day affects food intake outcomes. Methods: Seventeen women [mean ± SEM age: 33 ± 1 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 27.8 ± 0.1] completed the following tightly controlled, crossover design study. Participants were provided with and randomly consumed three 6-d eucaloric diets containing NP or HP (15% or 25% of energy as protein, respectively). The protein content within the NP diet used an even distribution pattern (EVEN; 21 ± 1 g protein/meal) throughout the day, whereas the protein contents within the HP diets used either EVEN (35 ± 1 g protein/meal) or an uneven distribution pattern (UNEVEN; 19 ± 1 g protein/breakfast, 26 ± 1 g protein/lunch, 63 g protein/dinner). On day 7 of each diet, the participants were asked to consume the diet-specific absolute protein quantity (in grams) at each eating occasion but were provided with a surplus of carbohydrate- and fat-rich foods to consume, ad libitum, during each eating occasion. Results: Eating more protein (HP compared with NP) or evenly distributing protein throughout the day (HP-EVEN compared with HP-UNEVEN) did not reduce the consumption of ad libitum fat- and carbohydrate-rich foods throughout the day (NP-EVEN: 2850 ± 240 kcal/d; HP-EVEN: 2910 ± 240 kcal/d; HP-UNEVEN: 3160 ± 200 kcal/d). Despite the lack of differences in daily energy intake, the breakfast meal within the HP-EVEN diet led to lower ad libitum carbohydrate and fat intakes than the breakfast meals in the NP-EVEN and HP-UNEVEN diet conditions (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Providing 30 g protein/meal at each eating occasion throughout the day did not influence free-living, daily intake of highly palatable, carbohydrate- and fat-rich foods in overweight women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02614729.

Dataset Information

Effects of Dietary Protein and Fiber at Breakfast on Appetite, ad Libitum Energy Intake at Lunch, and Neural Responses to Visual Food Stimuli in Overweight Adults.

Publications

Effects of Dietary Protein and Fiber at Breakfast on Appetite, ad Libitum Energy Intake at Lunch, and Neural Responses to Visual Food Stimuli in Overweight Adults.

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