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Effect of extended morning fasting upon ad libitum lunch intake and associated metabolic and hormonal responses in obese adults.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Breakfast omission is positively associated with obesity and increased risk of disease. However, little is known about the acute effects of extended morning fasting upon subsequent energy intake and associated metabolic/regulatory factors in obese adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS:In a randomised cross-over design, 24 obese men (n=8) and women (n=16) extended their overnight fast by omitting breakfast consumption or ingesting a typical carbohydrate-rich breakfast of 2183±393?kJ (521±94?kcal), before an ad libitum pasta lunch 3?h later. Blood samples were obtained throughout the day until 3?h post lunch and analysed for hormones implicated in appetite regulation, along with metabolic outcomes and subjective appetite measures. RESULTS:Lunch intake was unaffected by extended morning fasting (difference=218?kJ, 95% confidence interval -54?kJ, 490?kJ; P=0.1) resulting in lower total intake in the fasting trial (difference=-1964?kJ, 95% confidence interval -1645?kJ, -2281?kJ; P<0.01). Systemic concentrations of peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and leptin were lower during the afternoon following morning fasting (P?0.06). Plasma-acylated ghrelin concentrations were also lower following the ad libitum lunch in the fasting trial (P<0.05) but this effect was not apparent for total ghrelin (P?0.1). Serum insulin concentrations were greater throughout the afternoon in the fasting trial (P=0.05), with plasma glucose also greater 1?h after lunch (P<0.01). Extended morning fasting did not result in greater appetite ratings after lunch, with some tendency for lower appetite 3?h post lunch (P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS:We demonstrate for the first time that, in obese adults, extended morning fasting does not cause compensatory intake during an ad libitum lunch nor does it increase appetite during the afternoon. Morning fasting reduced satiety hormone responses to a subsequent lunch meal but counterintuitively also reduced concentrations of the appetite-stimulating hormone-acylated ghrelin during the afternoon relative to lunch consumed after breakfast.

SUBMITTER: Chowdhury EA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4753359 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effect of extended morning fasting upon ad libitum lunch intake and associated metabolic and hormonal responses in obese adults.

Chowdhury E A EA Richardson J D JD Tsintzas K K Thompson D D Betts J A JA

International journal of obesity (2005) 20150817 2

<h4>Background/objectives</h4>Breakfast omission is positively associated with obesity and increased risk of disease. However, little is known about the acute effects of extended morning fasting upon subsequent energy intake and associated metabolic/regulatory factors in obese adults.<h4>Subjects/methods</h4>In a randomised cross-over design, 24 obese men (n=8) and women (n=16) extended their overnight fast by omitting breakfast consumption or ingesting a typical carbohydrate-rich breakfast of 2 ...[more]

PMID: 26278005

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Project description:BackgroundTypical breakfast foods are rich in carbohydrate, so they not only elevate blood glucose during the morning, but also elicit a second-meal effect that can attenuate blood glucose responses in the afternoon.ObjectivesTo determine whether a reduced-carbohydrate protein-enriched breakfast can elicit similar effects on glucose control later in the day but without hyperglycemia in the morning.MethodsIn a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy men and women (age 22 ± 2 y, BMI 24.1 ± 3.6 kg·m-2; Mean ± SD) completed 3 experimental conditions. In all conditions, participants consumed an ad libitum lunch at 1200 ± 1 h but differed in terms of whether they had fasted all morning (control) or had consumed a standardized porridge breakfast at 0900 ± 1 h (320 ± 50 kcal; prescribed relative to resting metabolic rate) that was either carbohydrate-rich (50 ± 10 g CHO) or protein-enriched (that is, isoenergetic substitution of carbohydrate for 15 g whey protein isolate).ResultsThe protein-enriched breakfast reduced the morning glycemic response (iAUC 87 ± 36 mmol·L-1·180 min) relative to the carbohydrate-rich breakfast (119 ± 37 mmol·L-1·180 min; P = 0.03). Despite similar energy intake at lunch in all 3 conditions (protein-enriched 769 ± 278 kcal; carbohydrate-rich 753 ± 223 kcal; fasting 790 ± 227 kcal), postlunch insulinemic responses were markedly attenuated when breakfasts had been consumed that were either protein-enriched (18.0 ± 8.0 nmol·L-1·120 min; P = 0.05) or carbohydrate-rich (16.0 ± 7.7 nmol·L-1·120 min; P = 0.005), relative to when lunch was consumed in an overnight fasted state (26.9 ± 13.5 nmol·L-1·120 min).ConclusionsBreakfast consumption attenuates insulinemic responses to a subsequent meal, achieved with consumption of energy-matched breakfasts typically high in carbohydrates or enriched with whey protein isolate relative to extended morning fasting.Trial registration numberNCT03866720 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Project description:BackgroundAcute exercise does not elicit compensatory changes in appetite parameters in lean individuals; however, less is known about responses in overweight individuals. This study compared the acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on appetite, energy intake and appetite-regulatory hormones in lean and overweight/obese individuals.MethodsForty-seven healthy lean (n=22, 11 females; mean (s.d.) 37.5 (15.2) years; 22.4 (1.5) kg m-2) and overweight/obese (n=25, 11 females; 45.0 (12.4) years, 29.2 (2.9) kg m-2) individuals completed two, 8 h trials (exercise and control). In the exercise trial, participants completed 60 min treadmill exercise (59 (4)% peak oxygen uptake) at 0-1 h and rested thereafter while participants rested throughout the control trial. Appetite ratings and concentrations of acylated ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured at predetermined intervals. Standardised meals were consumed at 1.5 and 4 h and an ad libitum buffet meal was provided at 7 h.ResultsExercise suppressed appetite (95% confidence interval (CI) -3.1 to -0.5 mm, P=0.01), and elevated delta PYY (95% CI 10 to 17 pg ml-1, P<0.001) and GLP-1 (95% CI 7 to 10 pmol l-1, P<0.001) concentrations. Delta acylated ghrelin concentrations (95% CI -5 to 3 pg ml-1, P=0.76) and ad libitum energy intake (95% CI -391 to 346 kJ, P=0.90) were similar between trials. Subjective and hormonal appetite parameters and ad libitum energy intake were similar between lean and overweight/obese individuals (P⩾0.27). The exercise-induced elevation in delta GLP-1 was greater in overweight/obese individuals (trial-by-group interaction P=0.01), whereas lean individuals exhibited a greater exercise-induced increase in delta PYY (trial-by-group interaction P<0.001).ConclusionsAcute moderate-intensity exercise transiently suppressed appetite and increased PYY and GLP-1 in the hours after exercise without stimulating compensatory changes in appetite in lean or overweight/obese individuals. These findings underscore the ability of exercise to induce a short-term energy deficit without any compensatory effects on appetite regardless of weight status.

Dataset Information

Effect of extended morning fasting upon ad libitum lunch intake and associated metabolic and hormonal responses in obese adults.

Publications

Effect of extended morning fasting upon ad libitum lunch intake and associated metabolic and hormonal responses in obese adults.

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