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Nutritional Status of Maintenance Dialysis Patients: Low Lean Body Mass Index and Obesity Are Common, Protein-Energy Wasting Is Uncommon.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Maintenance dialysis patients are at increased risk of abnormal nutritional status due to numerous causative factors, both nutritional and non-nutritional. The present study assessed the current prevalence of protein-energy wasting, low lean body mass index and obesity in maintenance dialysis patients, and compared different methods of nutritional assessment. METHODS:In a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 at Roskilde Hospital, Denmark, we performed anthropometry (body weight, skinfolds, mid-arm, waist, and hip circumferences), and determined plasma albumin and normalized protein catabolic rate in order to assess the prevalence of protein-energy wasting, low lean body mass index and obesity in these patients. RESULTS:Seventy-nine eligible maintenance dialysis patients participated. The prevalence of protein-energy wasted patients was 4% (95% CI: 2-12) as assessed by the coexistence of low lean body mass index and low fat mass index. Low lean body mass index was seen in 32% (95% CI: 22-44). Obesity prevalence as assessed from fat mass index was 43% (95% CI: 32-55). Coexistence of low lean body mass index and obesity was seen in 10% (95% CI: 5-19). The prevalence of protein-energy wasting and obesity varied considerably, depending on nutritional assessment methodology. CONCLUSIONS:Our data indicate that protein-energy wasting is uncommon, whereas low lean body mass index and obesity are frequent conditions among patients in maintenance dialysis. A focus on how to increase and preserve lean body mass in dialysis patients is suggested in the future. In order to clearly distinguish between shortage, sufficiency and abundance of protein and/or fat deposits in maintenance dialysis patients, we suggest the simple measurements of lean body mass index and fat mass index.

SUBMITTER: Koefoed M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4771706 | biostudies-literature | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Nutritional Status of Maintenance Dialysis Patients: Low Lean Body Mass Index and Obesity Are Common, Protein-Energy Wasting Is Uncommon.

Koefoed Mette M Kromann Charles Boy CB Juliussen Sophie Ryberg SR Hvidtfeldt Danni D Ekelund Bo B Frandsen Niels Erik NE Marckmann Peter P

PloS one 20160226 2

<h4>Background and aims</h4>Maintenance dialysis patients are at increased risk of abnormal nutritional status due to numerous causative factors, both nutritional and non-nutritional. The present study assessed the current prevalence of protein-energy wasting, low lean body mass index and obesity in maintenance dialysis patients, and compared different methods of nutritional assessment.<h4>Methods</h4>In a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 at Roskilde Hospital, Denmark, we performed anthro ...[more]

PMID: 26919440

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Project description:Protein-energy wasting (PEW), characterized by a decline in body protein mass and energy reserves, including muscle and fat wasting and visceral protein pool contraction, is an underappreciated condition in early to moderate stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. The prevalence of PEW in early to moderate CKD is ≥20-25% and increases as CKD progresses, in part because of activation of proinflammatory cytokines combined with superimposed hypercatabolic states and declines in appetite. This anorexia leads to inadequate protein and energy intake, which may be reinforced by prescribed dietary restrictions and inadequate monitoring of the patient's nutritional status. Worsening uremia also renders CKD patients vulnerable to potentially deleterious effects of uncontrolled diets, including higher phosphorus and potassium burden. Uremic metabolites, some of which are anorexigenic and many of which are products of protein metabolism, can exert harmful effects, ranging from oxidative stress to endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide disarrays, renal interstitial fibrosis, sarcopenia, and worsening proteinuria and kidney function. Given such complex pathways, nutritional interventions in CKD, when applied in concert with nonnutritional therapeutic approaches, encompass an array of strategies (such as dietary restrictions and supplementations) aimed at optimizing both patients' biochemical variables and their clinical outcomes. The applicability of many nutritional interventions and their effects on outcomes in patients with CKD with PEW has not been well studied. This article reviews the definitions and pathophysiology of PEW in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD, examines the current indications for various dietary modification strategies in patients with CKD (eg, manufactured protein-based supplements, amino acids and their keto acid or hydroxyacid analogues), discusses the rationale behind their potential use in patients with PEW, and highlights areas in need of further research.

Project description:BackgroundMalnutrition and sarcopenia are frequently observed in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). To elucidate whether malnutrition is associated with sarcopenia in those cases, the relationship of nutritional status with sarcopenia was investigated.MethodsNutritional status was assessed using a nutritional risk index (NRI) developed for patients undergoing MHD. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 315 MHD patients (199 males, 116 females), who were divided into low-risk (score 0-7) and medium-/high-risk (score 8-13) groups. Sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia, along with low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical performance were defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria.ResultsThe median NRI score was 5.0, while the prevalence of medium-/high-risk cases among the patients was 31.1%. Additionally, the rates of those with low muscle mass, low muscle strength, and low physical performance were 55.9, 60.6, and 31.4%, respectively, while those of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia were 44.1 and 20.0%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed a significant (P < 0.001) association of NRI score with sarcopenia [odds ratio (OR) 1.255, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.143-1.377] and severe sarcopenia (OR 1.257, 95% CI 1.122-1.407), as well as low muscle mass (OR 1.260, 95% CI 1.157-1.374), low muscle strength (OR 1.310, 95% CI 1.178-1.457), and low physical performance (OR 1.216, 95% CI 1.104-1.339). Furthermore, medium-/high-risk status showed a significant (P < 0.05) association with sarcopenia (OR 2.960, 95% CI 1.623-5.401) and severe sarcopenia (OR 2.241, 95% CI 1.151-4.362), as well as low muscle mass (OR 2.141, 95% CI 1.219-3.760), low muscle strength (OR 7.665, 95% CI 3.438-17.091), and low physical performance (OR 2.570, 95% CI 1.401-4.716).ConclusionsThese results suggest that malnutrition contributes to sarcopenia/severe sarcopenia in MHD patients by reducing muscle mass and strength, and physical performance.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Muscle weakness is associated with increased mortality risk in chronic haemodialysis (CHD) patients. Protein energy wasting (PEW) and low physical activity could impair muscle quality and contribute to muscle weakness beyond muscle wasting in these patients. Aim of this study was to assess clinical and biological parameters involved in the reduction of muscle strength of CHD patients. METHODS:One hundred and twenty-three CHD patients (80 males, 43 females; 68,8 [57.9-78.8] y.o.) were included in this study. Maximal voluntary force (MVF) of quadriceps was assessed using a belt-stabilized hand-held dynamometer. Muscle quality was evaluated by muscle specific torque, defined as the strength per unit of muscle mass. Muscle mass was estimated using lean tissue index (LTI), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and creatinine index (CI). Voorrips questionnaire was used to estimate physical activity. Criteria for the diagnosis of PEW were serum albumin, body mass index < 23 kg/m2, creatinine index < 18.82 mg/kg/d and low dietary protein intake estimated by nPCR < 0.80g/kg/d. RESULTS:MVF was 76.1 [58.2-111.7] N.m. and was associated with CI (? = 5.3 [2.2-8.4], p = 0.001), LTI (? = 2.8 [0.6-5.1], p = 0.013), Voorrips score (? = 17.4 [2.9-31.9], p = 0.02) and serum albumin (? = 1.9 [0.5-3.2], p = 0.006). Only serum albumin (? = 0.09 [0.03-0.15], p = 0.003), Voorrips score (? = 0.8 [0.2-1.5], p = 0.005) and CI (? = 0.2 [0.1-0.3], p<0.001) remained associated with muscle specific torque. Thirty patients have dynapenia defined as impaired MVF with maintained SMM and were younger with high hs-CRP (p = 0.001), PEW criteria (p<0.001) and low Voorrips score (p = 0.001), and reduced dialysis vintage (p<0.046). CONCLUSIONS:Beyond atrophy, physical inactivity and PEW conspire to impair muscle strength and specific torque in CHD patients and could be related to muscle quality. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02806089.

Project description:Background Sarcopenia is common and contributes to a high risk of mortality among general population. There is no consensus regarding the cut-off values for sarcopenia in terms of mortality among chronic kidney disease patients. This study aimed to explore and validate cut-off points of handgrip strength (HGS) and lean mass index (LMI) for estimating the risk of mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods This single-center prospective cohort study enrolled 1089 incident PD patients between October 2002 and July 2019. All patients were followed until death, transfer to hemodialysis, receiving renal transplantation or the end date of study (December 2019). All participants were randomly sampled to development cohort (70% participants) and validation cohort (30% participants), matched by gender and diabetes. Lean body mass was calculated by using the equation published by our center. Cubic spline regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between HGS or LMI values and mortality, and explore the cut-off points after adjusting for age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and serum albumin in the development cohort. The derived cut-off values were verified by the agreement rate for predicting mortality and then compared with cut-off values from various clinical guidelines in the validation cohort. Results All 1089 patients were followed up with the median of 36.0 (18.0, 71.0) months. In the development cohort, cut-off points for predicting the higher mortality were derived as 24.5 kg and 14 kg of HGS for males and females, 16.7 kg/m2 and 13.8 kg/m2 of LMI for males and females respectively. In the validation cohort, these cut-off values significantly predicted worse outcomes, with HR 1.96 (1.35, 2.84) of HGS and HR 1.76 (1.26, 2.47) of LMI for all-cause mortality after multivariate adjustment. The newly derived cut-off points of HGS have numerically higher prognostic values in all-cause mortality compared with those from current clinical guidelines, and agreement rates of HGS were 65.2 versus 62.5–64.6 respectively. Conclusions The derived cut-off values of HGS and LMI have sufficient and better prognostic value in predicting all-cause mortality in PD patients compared with the cut-off values in the existing guidelines. These cut-off values are only validated in a single population, thus limiting the generalizability.

Dataset Information

Nutritional Status of Maintenance Dialysis Patients: Low Lean Body Mass Index and Obesity Are Common, Protein-Energy Wasting Is Uncommon.

Publications

Nutritional Status of Maintenance Dialysis Patients: Low Lean Body Mass Index and Obesity Are Common, Protein-Energy Wasting Is Uncommon.

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