Dataset Information

Screening a Commercial Library of Pharmacologically Active Small Molecules against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms.

ABSTRACT: It is now well established that bacterial infections are often associated with biofilm phenotypes that demonstrate increased resistance to common antimicrobials. Further, due to the collective attrition of new antibiotic development programs by the pharmaceutical industries, drug repurposing is an attractive alternative. In this work, we screened 1,280 existing commercially available drugs in the Prestwick Chemical Library, some with previously unknown antimicrobial activity, against Staphylococcus aureus, one of the commonly encountered causative pathogens of burn and wound infections. From the primary screen of the entire Prestwick Chemical Library at a fixed concentration of 10 ?M, 104 drugs were found to be effective against planktonic S. aureus strains, and not surprisingly, these were mostly antimicrobials and antiseptics. The activity of 18 selected repurposing candidates, that is, drugs that show antimicrobial activity that are not already considered antimicrobials, observed in the primary screen was confirmed in dose-response experiments. Finally, a subset of nine of these drug candidates was tested against preformed biofilms of S. aureus We found that three of these drugs, niclosamide, carmofur, and auranofin, possessed antimicrobial activity against preformed biofilms, making them attractive candidates for repurposing as novel antibiofilm therapies.

SUBMITTER: Torres NS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5038268 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Screening a Commercial Library of Pharmacologically Active Small Molecules against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms.

Torres Nelson S NS Abercrombie Johnathan J JJ Srinivasan Anand A Lopez-Ribot Jose L JL Ramasubramanian Anand K AK Leung Kai P KP

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 20160923 10

It is now well established that bacterial infections are often associated with biofilm phenotypes that demonstrate increased resistance to common antimicrobials. Further, due to the collective attrition of new antibiotic development programs by the pharmaceutical industries, drug repurposing is an attractive alternative. In this work, we screened 1,280 existing commercially available drugs in the Prestwick Chemical Library, some with previously unknown antimicrobial activity, against Staphylococ ...[more]

PMID: 27401577

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Project description:The microbiota influences host health through several mechanisms, including protecting it from pathogen colonization. Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most frequently found species in the skin microbiota, and its presence can limit the development of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureusS. aureus causes diverse types of infections ranging from skin abscesses to bloodstream infections. Given the increasing prevalence of S. aureus drug-resistant strains, it is imperative to search for new strategies for treatment and prevention. Thus, we investigated the activity of molecules produced by a commensal S. epidermidis isolate against S. aureus biofilms. We showed that molecules present in S. epidermidis cell-free conditioned media (CFCM) caused a significant reduction in biofilm formation in most S. aureus clinical isolates, including all 4 agr types and agr-defective strains, without any impact on growth. S. epidermidis molecules also disrupted established S. aureus biofilms and reduced the antibiotic concentration required to eliminate them. Preliminary characterization of the active compound showed that its activity is resistant to heat, protease inhibitors, trypsin, proteinase K, and sodium periodate treatments, suggesting that it is not proteinaceous. RNA sequencing revealed that S. epidermidis-secreted molecules modulate the expression of hundreds of S. aureus genes, some of which are associated with biofilm production. Biofilm formation is one of the main virulence factors of S. aureus and has been associated with chronic infections and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, molecules that can counteract this virulence factor may be promising alternatives as novel therapeutic agents to control S. aureus infections.IMPORTANCES. aureus is a leading agent of infections worldwide, and its main virulence characteristic is the ability to produce biofilms on surfaces such as medical devices. Biofilms are known to confer increased resistance to antimicrobials and to the host immune responses, requiring aggressive antibiotic treatment and removal of the infected surface. Here, we investigated a new source of antibiofilm compounds, the skin microbiome. Specifically, we found that a commensal strain of S. epidermidis produces molecules with antibiofilm activity, leading to a significant decrease of S. aureus biofilm formation and to a reduction of previously established biofilms. The molecules potentiated the activity of antibiotics and affected the expression of hundreds of S. aureus genes, including those associated with biofilm formation. Our research highlights the search for compounds that can aid us in the fight against S. aureus infections.

Project description:Phage therapy has gained attention due to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and narrow pipeline of novel antibiotics. Phage cocktails are hypothesized to slow the overall development of resistance by challenging the bacteria with more than one phage. Here, we have used a combination of plate-, planktonic-, and biofilm-based screening assays to try to identify phage-antibiotic combinations that will eradicate preformed biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus strains that are otherwise difficult to kill. We have focused on methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) strains and their daptomycin-nonsusceptible vancomycin-intermediate (DNS-VISA) derivatives to understand whether the phage-antibiotic interactions are altered by the changes associated with evolution from MRSA to DNS-VISA (which is known to occur in patients receiving antibiotic therapy). We evaluated the host range and cross-resistance patterns of five obligately lytic S. aureus myophages to select a three-phage cocktail. We screened these phages for their activity against 24-h bead biofilms and found that biofilms of two strains, D712 (DNS-VISA) and 8014 (MRSA), were the most resistant to killing by single phages. Specifically, even initial phage concentrations of 107 PFU per well could not prevent visible regrowth of bacteria from the treated biofilms. However, when we treated biofilms of the same two strains with phage-antibiotic combinations, we prevented bacterial regrowth when using up to 4 orders of magnitude less phage and antibiotic concentrations that were lower than our measured minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration. We did not see a consistent association between phage activity and the evolution of DNS-VISA genotypes in this small number of bacterial strains. IMPORTANCE The extracellular polymeric matrix of biofilms presents an impediment to antibiotic diffusion, facilitating the emergence of multidrug-resistant populations. While most phage cocktails are designed for the planktonic state of bacteria, it is important to take the biofilm mode of growth (the predominant mode of bacterial growth in nature) into consideration, as it is unclear how interactions between any specific phage and its bacterial hosts will depend on the physical properties of the growth environment. In addition, the extent of bacterial sensitivity to any given phage may vary from the planktonic to the biofilm state. Therefore, phage-containing treatments targeting biofilm infections such as catheters and prosthetic joint material may not be merely based on host range characteristics. Our results open avenues to new questions regarding phage-antibiotic treatment efficiency in the eradication of topologically structured biofilm settings and the extent of eradication efficacy relative to the single agents in biofilm populations.

Dataset Information

Screening a Commercial Library of Pharmacologically Active Small Molecules against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms.

Publications

Screening a Commercial Library of Pharmacologically Active Small Molecules against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms.

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