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Promotion of metastasis of thyroid cancer cells via NRP-2-mediated induction.

ABSTRACT: Tumor-node-metastasis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in thyroid cancer patients. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) increases the migratory ability of thyroid cancer cells to lymph nodes. Expression of neuropilin-2 (NRP-2), the co-receptor of VEGF-C, has been reported to be correlated with lymph node metastasis in human thyroid cancer. The present study investigated the role of VEGF-C/NRP-2 signaling in the regulation of metastasis of two different types of human thyroid cancer cells. The results indicated that the VEGF-C/NRP-2 axis significantly promoted the metastatic activities of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells through the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 MAPK signaling cascades. However, neither MEK or p38 MAPK inhibitors produced significant inhibition of the migratory activity and invasiveness regulated by the VEGF-C/NRP-2 axis in follicular thyroid carcinoma cells. Finally, VEGF-C/NRP-2-mediated invasion and migration of thyroid cancer cells required the expression of NRP-2. The present results demonstrate that the promotion of metastasis by VEGF-C is mainly due to the upregulation of NRP-2 in thyroid cancer cells, and this metastatic activity regulated by the VEGF-C/NRP-2 axis provides further insight into the process of tumor metastasis.

SUBMITTER: Tu DG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5104259 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Promotion of metastasis of thyroid cancer cells via NRP-2-mediated induction.

Tu Dom-Gene DG Chang Wen-Wei WW Jan Ming-Shiou MS Tu Chi-Wen CW Lu Yin-Che YC Tai Chien-Kuo CK

Oncology letters 20160920 5

Tumor-node-metastasis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in thyroid cancer patients. Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) increases the migratory ability of thyroid cancer cells to lymph nodes. Expression of neuropilin-2 (NRP-2), the co-receptor of VEGF-C, has been reported to be correlated with lymph node metastasis in human thyroid cancer. The present study investigated the role of VEGF-C/NRP-2 signaling in the regulation of metastasis of two diffe ...[more]

PMID: 27895796

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Project description:BackgroundGraves' disease (GD) is associated with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) antibodies of variable bioactivity. We have previously characterized "neutral" TSHR antibodies (N-TSHR-Abs) that bind to the hinge region of the TSHR ectodomain. We showed that an N-TSHR monoclonal antibody (mAb) failed to induce any G proteins to sustain survival signaling and lead to excessive stress and apoptosis. Furthermore, the addition of TSH, or the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), rescued N-TSHR-mAb-induced apoptotic death. However, the detailed mechanisms of this rescue remained unclear.MethodsAutophagy is activated in response to diverse stress related stimuli so we have, therefore, studied the autophagy response in rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) during N-TSHR-mAb induced thyrocyte stress and apoptosis using the In Cell Western technique for quantitation along with immunocytochemistry.ResultsUnder starvation conditions with N-TSHR-mAb the addition of TSH or NAC prevented thyroid cell death by enhancing autophagy. This was evidenced by elevated levels of autophagy related proteins including beclin 1, LC3A, LC3B, ULK1, p62, and also activated pink and perkin mitophagy related proteins. The phenomenon was further confirmed by image analyses using Cyto-ID and Mito-ID autophagy detection systems. We also found that either TSH or NAC enhanced PKA, Akt, mTORC, AMPK, Sirtuins, PGC1α, NRF-2, mitofusin-2, TFAM and catalase in the N-TSHR-mAb stressed cells. Thus TSH or NAC restored cell survival signaling which reduced cell stress and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. The N-TSHR-mAb also activated cytochrome-C, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3A, and had less effect on FADD or caspase-8 indicating activation of the intrinsic pathway for apoptosis.ConclusionsThese findings indicated that TSH or antioxidant can rescue thyroid cells from N-TSHR-mAb induced apoptosis via enhanced autophagy. These observations signify that N-TSHR-mAb in GD under low TSH conditions caused by the hyperthyroidism could be detrimental for thyrocyte survival which would be another factor able to precipitate ongoing autoinflammation.

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Promotion of metastasis of thyroid cancer cells via NRP-2-mediated induction.

Publications

Promotion of metastasis of thyroid cancer cells via NRP-2-mediated induction.

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