Dataset Information

Flip flop of Day-night and Summer-Winter Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in India.

ABSTRACT: The difference in land surface temperature (LST) between an urban region and its nearby non-urban region, known as surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII), is usually positive as reported in earlier studies. India has experienced unprecedented urbanization over recent decades with an urban population of 380 million. Here, we present the first study of the diurnal and seasonal characteristics of SUHII in India. We found negative SUHII over a majority of urban areas during daytime in pre-monsoon summer (MAM), contrary to the expected impacts of urbanization. This unexpected pattern is associated with low vegetation in non-urban regions during dry pre-monsoon summers, leading to reduced evapotranspiration (ET). During pre-monsoon summer nights, a positive SUHII occurs when urban impacts are prominent. Winter daytime SUHII becomes positive in Indo-Gangetic plain. We attribute such diurnal and seasonal behaviour of SUHII to the same of the differences in ET between urban and non-urban regions. Higher LST in non-urban regions during pre-monsoon summer days results in intensified heatwaves compared to heatwaves in cities, in contrast to presumptions made in the literature. These observations highlight the need for re-evaluation of SUHII in India for climate adaptation, heat stress mitigation, and analysis of urban micro-climates.

SUBMITTER: Shastri H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5220321 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Flip flop of Day-night and Summer-Winter Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in India.

Shastri Hiteshri H Barik Beas B Ghosh Subimal S Venkataraman Chandra C Sadavarte Pankaj P

Scientific reports 20170109

The difference in land surface temperature (LST) between an urban region and its nearby non-urban region, known as surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII), is usually positive as reported in earlier studies. India has experienced unprecedented urbanization over recent decades with an urban population of 380 million. Here, we present the first study of the diurnal and seasonal characteristics of SUHII in India. We found negative SUHII over a majority of urban areas during daytime in pre-monso ...[more]

PMID: 28067276

Similar Datasets

Project description:Unlike most transmembrane proteins, phospholipids can migrate from one leaflet of the membrane to the other. Because this spontaneous lipid translocation (flip-flop) tends to be very slow, cells facilitate the process with enzymes that catalyze the transmembrane movement and thereby regulate the transbilayer lipid distribution. Nonenzymatic membrane-spanning proteins with unrelated primary functions have also been found to accelerate lipid flip-flop in a nonspecific manner and by various hypothesized mechanisms. Using deuterated phospholipids, we examined the acceleration of flip-flop by gramicidin channels, which have well-defined structures and known functions, features that make them ideal candidates for probing the protein-membrane interactions underlying lipid flip-flop. To study compositionally and isotopically asymmetric proteoliposomes containing gramicidin, we expanded a recently developed protocol for the preparation and characterization of lipid-only asymmetric vesicles. Channel incorporation, conformation, and function were examined with small angle x-ray scattering, circular dichroism, and a stopped-flow spectrofluorometric assay, respectively. As a measure of lipid scrambling, we used differential scanning calorimetry to monitor the effect of gramicidin on the melting transition temperatures of the two bilayer leaflets. The two calorimetric peaks of the individual leaflets merged into a single peak over time, suggestive of scrambling, and the effect of the channel on the transbilayer lipid distribution in both symmetric 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and asymmetric 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine vesicles was quantified from proton NMR measurements. Our results show that gramicidin increases lipid flip-flop in a complex, concentration-dependent manner. To determine the molecular mechanism of the process, we used molecular dynamics simulations and further computational analysis of the trajectories to estimate the extent of membrane deformation. Together, the experimental and computational approaches were found to constitute an effective means for studying the effects of transmembrane proteins on lipid distribution in both symmetric and asymmetric model membranes.

Dataset Information

Flip flop of Day-night and Summer-Winter Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in India.

Publications

Flip flop of Day-night and Summer-Winter Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in India.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets