Dataset Information

Transmembrane Substrate Determinants for ?-Secretase Processing of APP CTF?.

ABSTRACT: The amyloid ?-peptide (A?) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generated by proteolysis within the transmembrane domain (TMD) of a C-terminal fragment of the amyloid ? protein-precursor (APP CTF?) by the ?-secretase complex. This processing produces A? ranging from 38 to 49 residues in length. Evidence suggests that this spectrum of A? peptides is the result of successive ?-secretase cleavages, with endoproteolysis first occurring at the ? sites to generate A?48 or A?49, followed by C-terminal trimming mostly every three residues along two product lines to generate shorter, secreted forms of A?: the primary A?49-46-43-40 line and a minor A?48-45-42-38 line. The major secreted A? species are A?40 and A?42, and an increased proportion of the longer, aggregation-prone A?42 compared to A?40 is widely thought to be important in AD pathogenesis. We examined TMD substrate determinants of the specificity and efficiency of ? site endoproteolysis and carboxypeptidase trimming of CTF? by ?-secretase. We determined that the C-terminal negative charge of the intermediate A?49 does not play a role in its trimming by ?-secretase. Peptidomimetic probes suggest that ?-secretase has S1', S2', and S3' pockets, through which trimming by tripeptides may be determined. However, deletion of residues around the ? sites demonstrates that a depth of three residues within the TMD is not a determinant of the location of endoproteolytic ? cleavage of CTF?. We also show that instability of the CTF? TMD helix near the ? site significantly increases endoproteolysis, and that helical instability near the carboxypeptidase cleavage sites facilitates C-terminal trimming by ?-secretase. In addition, we found that CTF? dimers are not endoproteolyzed by ?-secretase. These results support a model in which initial interaction of the array of residues along the undimerized single helical TMD of substrates dictates the site of initial ? cleavage and that helix unwinding is essential for both endoproteolysis and carboxypeptidase trimming.

SUBMITTER: Fernandez MA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5539764 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Transmembrane Substrate Determinants for γ-Secretase Processing of APP CTFβ.

Fernandez Marty A MA Biette Kelly M KM Dolios Georgia G Seth Divya D Wang Rong R Wolfe Michael S MS

Biochemistry 20160930 40

The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generated by proteolysis within the transmembrane domain (TMD) of a C-terminal fragment of the amyloid β protein-precursor (APP CTFβ) by the γ-secretase complex. This processing produces Aβ ranging from 38 to 49 residues in length. Evidence suggests that this spectrum of Aβ peptides is the result of successive γ-secretase cleavages, with endoproteolysis first occurring at the ε sites to generate Aβ48 or Aβ49, followed by C-terminal trimmi ...[more]

PMID: 27649271

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Project description:Proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sequential cleavage of APP by β and γ secretases leads to the generation of Aβ40 (non-amyloidogenic) and Aβ42 (amyloidogenic) peptides. Presenilin-1 (PS1) or presenilin-2 (PS2) play the role of a catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. Multiple familial AD (FAD) mutations in APP, PS1, or PS2 result in an increased Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio and the accumulation of toxic Aβ42 oligomers and plaques in patient brains. In this study, we perform molecular modeling of the APP complex with γ-secretase and analyze potential effects of FAD mutations in APP and PS1. We noticed that all FAD mutations in the APP transmembrane domain are predicted to cause an increase in the local disorder of its secondary structure. Based on structural analysis of known γ-secretase structures, we propose that APP can form a complex with γ-secretase in 2 potential conformations-M1 and M2. In conformation, the M1 transmembrane domain of APP forms a contact with the perimembrane domain that follows transmembrane domain 6 (TM6) in the PS1 structure. In conformation, the M2 transmembrane domain of APP forms a contact with transmembrane domain 7 (TM7) in the PS1 structure. By analyzing the effects of PS1-FAD mutations on the local protein disorder index, we discovered that these mutations increase the conformational flexibility of M2 and reduce the conformational flexibility of M1. Based on these results, we propose that M2 conformation, but not M1 conformation, of the γ secretase complex with APP leads to the amyloidogenic (Aβ42-generating) processing of APP. Our model predicts that APP processing in M1 conformation is favored by curved membranes, such as the membranes of early endosomes. In contrast, APP processing in M2 conformation is likely to be favored by relatively flat membranes, such as membranes of late endosomes and plasma membranes. These predictions are consistent with published biochemical analyses of APP processing at different subcellular locations. Our results also suggest that specific inhibitors of Aβ42 production could be potentially developed by selectively targeting the M2 conformation of the γ secretase complex with APP.

Dataset Information

Transmembrane Substrate Determinants for ?-Secretase Processing of APP CTF?.

Publications

Transmembrane Substrate Determinants for γ-Secretase Processing of APP CTFβ.

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