Optimized purification strategies for the elimination of non-specific products in the isolation of GAD65-specific monoclonal autoantibodies.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Jiang W
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5680538 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundThe humbug gene is a truncated isoform of Aspartyl β-hydroxylase (ASPH) gene that is overexpressed in many human malignancies. In recent years, since humbug has received increasing attention, it is considered as a potential therapeutic molecular target. Therefore, it is necessary for preparing humbug protein and its monoclonal antibody to investigate its structure and function.MethodThe optimized humbug gene, synthesized by Genscript in Nanjing, China on December 21st 2013, was expressed in Pichia pastoris cells that were cultured in a 10-L bioreactor. The recombinant protein was further obtained and purified by using ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G75. The humbug protein was used to immunize Balb/c mice to generate the monoclonal antibodies. The specificity and sensitivity of the monoclonal antibodies were assessed by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, the humbug monoclonal antibodies were used to detect the expression of humbug in several tumor cell lines via indirect immunofluorescence.ResultsFirstly, the recombinant humbug was expressed in P. pastoris successfully and efficiently by using a gene-optimized strategy. Secondly, the purification process of humbug was established via multiple chromatography methods. In addition, four monoclonal antibodies against humbug were obtained from the immunized Balb/c mice, and the result of indirect immunofluorescence was indicated that the humbug monoclonal antibody showed the high affinity with humbug protein, which expressed in several tumor cell lines.ConclusionThe over-expression of recombinant humbug provides adequate sources for its structural study and the preparation of the humbug-specific monoclonal antibody can potentially be used in tumor initial diagnosis and immunotherapy.
| S-EPMC4724736 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells are used for adoptive immunotherapy after stem cell transplantation. In order to overcome technical limitations in NK cell purification and activation, the following study investigates the impact of different variables on NK cell recovery, cytotoxicity, and T-cell depletion during good manufacturing practice (GMP)-grade NK cell selection. Forty NK cell products were derived from 54 unstimulated donor leukaphereses using immunomagnetic CD3 T-cell depletion, followed by a CD56 cell enrichment step. For T-cell depletion, either the depletion 2.1 program in single or double procedure (D2.11depl, n?=?18; D2.12depl, n?=?13) or the faster depletion 3.1 (D3.1, n?=?9) was used on the CliniMACS instrument. Seventeen purified NK cell products were activated in vitro by IL-2 for 12?days. The whole process resulted in a median number of 7.59?×?10(8) CD56(+)CD3(-) cells with both purity and viability of 94%, respectively. The T-cell depletion was significantly better using D2.11depl/2depl compared to D3.1 (log 4.6/log 4.9 vs. log 3.7; p?<?0.01) and double procedure in two stages led always to residual T cells below 0.1%. In contrast D3.1 was superior to D2.11depl/2depl with regard to recovery of CD56(+)CD3(-) NK cells (68% vs. 41%/38%). Concomitant monocytes and especially IL-2 activation led to increased NK cell activity against malignant target cells compared to unstimulated NK cells, which correlated with both up-regulation of natural cytotoxicity receptors and intracellular signaling. Overall, wide variations in the NK cell expansion rate and the distribution of NK cell subpopulations were found. In conclusion, our results indicate that GMP-grade purification of NK cells might be improved by a sequential processing of T-cell depletion program D2.1 and D3.1. In addition NK cell expansion protocols need to be further optimized.
| S-EPMC3656406 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Autoimmune neurological syndromes (AINS) with autoantibodies against the 65 kDa isoform of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) present with limbic encephalitis, including temporal lobe seizures or epilepsy, cerebellitis with ataxia, and stiff-person-syndrome or overlap forms. Anti-GAD65 autoantibodies are also detected in autoimmune diabetes mellitus, which has a strong genetic susceptibility conferred by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genomic regions. We investigated the genetic predisposition in patients with anti-GAD65 AINS. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and an association analysis of the HLA region in a large German cohort of 1214 individuals. These included 167 patients with anti-GAD65 AINS, recruited by the German Network for Research on Autoimmune Encephalitis (GENERATE), and 1047 individuals without neurological or endocrine disease as population-based controls. Predictions of protein expression changes based on GWAS findings were further explored and validated in the CSF proteome of a virtually independent cohort of 10 patients with GAD65-AINS and 10 controls. Our GWAS identified 16 genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) loci for the susceptibility to anti-GAD65 AINS. The top variant, rs2535288 [P = 4.42 × 10-16, odds ratio (OR) = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.187-0.358], localized to an intergenic segment in the middle of the HLA class I region. The great majority of variants in these loci (>90%) mapped to non-coding regions of the genome. Over 40% of the variants have known regulatory functions on the expression of 48 genes in disease relevant cells and tissues, mainly CD4+ T cells and the cerebral cortex. The annotation of epigenomic marks suggested specificity for neural and immune cells. A network analysis of the implicated protein-coding genes highlighted the role of protein kinase C beta (PRKCB) and identified an enrichment of numerous biological pathways participating in immunity and neural function. Analysis of the classical HLA alleles and haplotypes showed no genome-wide significant associations. The strongest associations were found for the DQA1*03:01-DQB1*03:02-DRB1*04:01HLA haplotype (P = 4.39 × 10-4, OR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.499-4.157) and DRB1*04:01 allele (P = 8.3 × 10-5, OR = 2.4, 95%CI = 1.548-3.682) identified in our cohort. As predicted, the CSF proteome showed differential levels of five proteins (HLA-A/B, C4A, ATG4D and NEO1) of expression quantitative trait loci genes from our GWAS in the CSF proteome of anti-GAD65 AINS. These findings suggest a strong genetic predisposition with direct functional implications for immunity and neural function in anti-GAD65 AINS, mainly conferred by genomic regions outside the classical HLA alleles.
| S-EPMC9976967 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo compare the sensitivity and specificity of luciferase immunoprecipitation (LIPS) with radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) for the measurement of autoantibodies to the type 1 diabetes autoantigens glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and insulinoma-associated protein (IA)-2beta.Research design and methodsSera from 49 type 1 diabetic patients and 100 nondiabetic control subjects from Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program 2007 were used to screen for autoantibodies to GAD65. An additional 200 type 1 diabetic patients and 200 nondiabetic control subjects were used to validate the GAD65 results and screen for autoantibodies to IA-2beta.ResultsLIPS showed equal sensitivity and specificity to RIP for detecting autoantibodies to GAD65 and IA-2beta. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed that the detection of autoantibodies to GAD65 and IA-2beta by LIPS and RIP were not statistically different.ConclusionsThe LIPS assay does not require the use of radioisotopes or in vitro transcription/translation and is a practical alternative at the clinical level for the RIP assay.
| S-EPMC2845022 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The humoral Idiotypic Network consisting of antibodies and their anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id) can be temporarily upset by antigen exposure. In the healthy immune response the original equilibrium is eventually restored through counter-regulatory mechanisms. In certain autoimmune diseases however, autoantibody levels exceed those of their respective anti-Id, indicating a permanent disturbance in the respective humoral Idiotypic Network. We investigated anti-Id directed to a major Type 1 diabetes (T1D)-associated autoantibody (GAD65Ab) in two independent cohorts during progression to disease. Samples taken from participants of the Natural History Study showed significantly lower anti-Id levels in individuals that later progressed to T1D compared to non-progressors (anti-Id antibody index of 0.06 vs. 0.08, respectively, p = 0.02). We also observed a significant inverse correlation between anti-Id levels and age at sampling, but only in progressors (p = 0.014). Finally, anti-Id levels in progressors showed a significant decline during progression as compared to longitudinal anti-Id levels in non-progressors (median rate of change: -0.0004 vs. +0.0004, respectively, p = 0.003), suggesting a loss of anti-Id during progression. Our analysis of the Diabetes Prediction in Skåne cohort showed that early in life (age 2) individuals at risk have anti-Id levels indistinguishable from those in healthy controls, indicating that low anti-Id levels are not an innate characteristic of the immune response in individuals at risk. Notably, anti-Id levels declined significantly in individuals that later developed GAD65Ab suggesting that the decline in anti-Id levels precedes the emergence of GAD65Ab (median rate of change: -0.005) compared to matched controls (median rate of change: +0.001) (p = 0.0016). We conclude that while anti-Id are present early in life, their levels decrease prior to the appearance of GAD65Ab and to the development of T1D.
| S-EPMC3681789 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and caused by pathogenic autoantibodies that bind to membrane proteins at the neuromuscular junction. Most patients have autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), but a subset of patients have autoantibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) instead. MuSK is an essential component of the pathway responsible for synaptic differentiation, which is activated by nerve-released agrin. Through binding MuSK, serum-derived autoantibodies inhibit agrin-induced MuSK autophosphorylation, impair clustering of AChRs, and block neuromuscular transmission. We sought to establish individual MuSK autoantibody clones so that the autoimmune mechanisms could be better understood. We isolated MuSK autoantibody-expressing B cells from 6 MuSK MG patients using a fluorescently tagged MuSK antigen multimer, then generated a panel of human monoclonal autoantibodies (mAbs) from these cells. Here we focused on 3 highly specific mAbs that bound quantitatively to MuSK in solution, to MuSK-expressing HEK cells, and at mouse neuromuscular junctions, where they colocalized with AChRs. These 3 IgG isotype mAbs (2 IgG4 and 1 IgG3 subclass) recognized the Ig-like domain 2 of MuSK. The mAbs inhibited AChR clustering, but intriguingly, they enhanced rather than inhibited MuSK phosphorylation, which suggests an alternative mechanism for inhibiting AChR clustering.
| S-EPMC6629167 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The human leucocyte antigen (HLA) association with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is well known but there are limited studies investigating the association between β-cell autoantibodies and HLA genes. We evaluated the prevalence of GAD65 and IA-2 autoantibodies (GADA and IA2A) in 252 T1D patients from North India and investigated the genetic association of GADA and IA2A with HLA class I and class II genes/haplotypes. GADA and IA2A were detected in 50.79% and 15.87% of T1D patients, respectively, while only 8.73% had both GADA and IA2A. HLA-DRB1∗03 was observed to be significantly higher in GADA+ T1D patients as compared to GADA- (91.41% vs. 66.13%, Bonferroni-corrected P (P c) = 1.11 × 10-5; OR = 5.45; 95% CI: 2.67-11.08). Similarly, HLA-DQB1∗02 was found to be significantly increased in GADA+ patients (94.53%, P c = 2.19 × 10-5; OR = 6.27; 95% CI: 2.7-14.49) as compared to GADA- (73.39%). The frequencies of HLA-DRB1∗04 and DQB1∗03 were increased in IA2A+ patients (45.0% and 52.5%, respectively) as compared to that in IA2A- (25.94% and 33.96%, respectively). Further, the frequency of DRB1∗03-DQB1∗02 haplotype was found to be significantly increased in GADA+ T1D patients as compared to GADA- (60.55% vs. 41.94%, P = 3.94 × 10-5; OR = 2.13; 95%CI = 1.49-3.03). Similarly, HLA-DRB1∗04-DQB1∗03 haplotype was found to be significantly increased in IA2A+ T1D patients compared to IA2A- patients (22.5% vs. 12.97%; P = 0.041; OR = 1.95; 95%CI = 1.08-3.52). None of the HLA class I genes (HLA-A, B, and Cw) was found to be associated with GADA or IA2A in people with T1D. Our findings suggest that HLA-DRB1∗03/DQB1∗02 and HLA-DRB1∗04/DQB1∗03 might play an important role in the development of GADA and IA2A, respectively.
| S-EPMC8723877 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Highly reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurological diseases are not widely available. Here we evaluated a luciferase immunoprecipitation technology (LIPS) for the diagnosis of a CNS autoimmune disorder, stiff-person syndrome (SPS). Analysis by LIPS of 40 sera samples from SPS and control subjects for anti-GAD65 antibodies revealed dramatic titer differences allowing diagnosis of SPS with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Anti-GAD65 antibody titers of SPS were segregated from controls with values greater than 23 standard deviations above the control subject mean. By analyzing patient antibody responses directly to GAD65 sub-fragments, the central region containing the decarboxylase catalytic domain was highly immunoreactive with all of the SPS sera, while the N- and C-terminal regions showed lower antibody titers and only reacted with subsets of SPS sera. Additional profiling revealed that some SPS patients showed autoantibodies against GAD67 and tyrosine hydroxylase, but no significant immunoreactivity was detected with cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase or GABA transaminase. This study validates LIPS as a robust method to interrogate autoantibodies for the diagnosis of SPS and potentially other neurological diseases.
| S-EPMC2215321 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Site-specific conjugation of small molecules and enzymes to monoclonal antibodies has broad utility in the formation of conjugates for therapeutic, diagnostic, or structural applications. Precise control over the location of conjugation would yield highly homogeneous materials that could have improved biological properties. We describe for the first time chemical reduction and oxidation methods that lead to preferential cleavage of particular monoclonal antibody interchain disulfides using the anti-CD30 IgG1 monoclonal antibody cAC10. Alkylation of the resulting cAC10 cysteine thiols with the potent antimitotic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) enabled the assignment of drug conjugation location by purification with hydrophobic interaction chromatography followed by analysis using reversed-phase HPLC and capillary electrophoresis. These analytical methods demonstrated that treating cAC10 with reducing agents such as DTT caused preferential reduction of heavy-light chain disulfides, while reoxidation of fully reduced cAC10 interchain disulfides caused preferential reformation of heavy-light chain disulfides. Following MMAE conjugation, the resulting conjugates had isomeric homogeneity as high as 60-90%, allowing for control of the distribution of molecular species. The resulting conjugates are highly active both in vitro and in vivo and are well tolerated at efficacious doses.
| S-EPMC2539111 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare, neurological disorder characterized by sudden cramps and spasms. High titers of enzyme-inhibiting IgG autoantibodies against the 65 kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) are a hallmark of SPS, implicating an autoimmune component in the pathology of the syndrome. Studying the B cell compartment and the anti-GAD65 B cell response in two monozygotic twins suffering from SPS, who were treated with the B cell-depleting monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, we found that the humoral autoimmune response in SPS is composed of a rituximab-sensitive part that is rapidly cleared after treatment, and a rituximab-resistant component, which persists and acts as a reservoir for autoantibodies inhibiting GAD65 enzyme activity. Our data show that these potentially pathogenic anti-GAD65 autoantibodies are secreted by long-lived plasma cells, which may either be persistent or develop from rituximab-resistant memory B lymphocytes. Both subsets represent only a fraction of anti-GAD65 autoantibody secreting cells. Therefore, the identification and targeting of this compartment is a key factor for successful treatment planning of SPS and of similar autoimmune diseases.
| S-EPMC2877104 | biostudies-literature