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Different training responses to eccentric endurance exercise at low and moderate altitudes in pre-diabetic men: a pilot study.

ABSTRACT: This pilot study aimed (a) to evaluate the effects of eccentric exercise training at low and moderate altitudes on physical fitness in pre-diabetic men and (b) to establish whether or not oxidative stress levels and antioxidant status were associated with performance improvements. In this crossover trial, five pre-diabetic men conducted nine downhill walking sessions (3 days/week, 3 consecutive weeks) at low altitude (from 1360 to 850 m) and one year later at moderate altitude (from 2447 to 2000 m). Exercise testing and the determination of parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity were performed pre- and post-training. The biological antioxidant activity of plasma (BAP) increased after eccentric training at moderate altitude (p < 0.001), whereas diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) remained unchanged. Also, the BAP/dROMs ratio increased only after training at moderate-altitude training (p = 0.009). Maximum power output improved after training at low altitude and the changes were significantly related to baseline BAP/dROMs ratio (r = 0.90). No decrease was seen for fasting plasma glucose. Eccentric exercise training in pre-diabetic men improved performance only when performed at low altitude and this improvement was positively related to the baseline BAP/dROMs ratio. In contrast, 3 weeks of eccentric exercise training increased BAP levels and the BAP/dROMs ratio only at moderate altitude without improving the performance. Thus, one might speculate that the BAP/dROMs ratio has to increase before performance improvements occur at moderate altitude.

SUBMITTER: Klarod K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5729199 | biostudies-literature | 2017

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Different training responses to eccentric endurance exercise at low and moderate altitudes in pre-diabetic men: a pilot study.

Klarod Kultida K Philippe Marc M Gatterer Hannes H Burtscher Martin M

Sport sciences for health 20170823 3

This pilot study aimed (a) to evaluate the effects of eccentric exercise training at low and moderate altitudes on physical fitness in pre-diabetic men and (b) to establish whether or not oxidative stress levels and antioxidant status were associated with performance improvements. In this crossover trial, five pre-diabetic men conducted nine downhill walking sessions (3 days/week, 3 consecutive weeks) at low altitude (from 1360 to 850 m) and one year later at moderate altitude (from 2447 to 2000 ...[more]

PMID: 29276542

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Project description:BackgroundBranched-chain amino acids (BCAA) i.e., leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) are important amino acids, which metabolism play a role in maintaining system energy homeostasis at rest and during exercise. As recently shown lowering of circulating BCAA level improves insulin sensitivity and cardiac metabolic health. However, little is known concerning the impact of a single bout of incremental exercise and physical training on the changes in blood BCAA. The present study aimed to determine the impact of a gradually increasing exercise intensity-up to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) on the changes of the plasma BCAA [?BCAA]pl, before and after 5-weeks of moderate-intensity endurance training (ET).MethodsTen healthy young, untrained men performed an incremental cycling exercise test up to exhaustion to reach VO2max, before and after ET.ResultsWe have found that exercise of low-to-moderate intensity (up to ?50% of VO2max lasting about 12 min) had no significant effect on the [?BCAA]pl, however the exercise of higher intensity (above 70% of VO2max lasting about 10 min) resulted in a pronounced decrease (p < 0.05) in [?BCAA]pl. The lowering of plasma BCAA when performing exercise of higher intensity was preceded by a significant increase in plasma lactate concentration, showing that a significant attenuation of BCAA during incremental exercise coincides with exercise-induced acceleration of glycogen utilization. In addition, endurance training, which significantly increased power generating capabilities at VO2max (p = 0.004) had no significant impact on the changes of [?BCAA]pl during this incremental exercise.ConclusionWe have concluded that an exercise of moderate intensity of relatively short duration generally has no effect on the [?BCAA]pl in young, healthy men, whereas significant decrease in [?BCAA]pl occurs when performing exercise in heavy-intensity domain. The impact of exercise intensity on the plasma BCAA concentration seems to be especially important for patients with cardiometabolic risk undertaken cardiac rehabilitation or recreational activity.

Project description:Key pointsAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered a major regulator of skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise. However, we previously showed that, although AMPK activity increases by 8-10-fold during ∼120 min of exercise at ∼65% V̇O2peak in untrained individuals, there is no increase in these individuals after only 10 days of exercise training (longitudinal study). In a cross-sectional study, we show that there is also a lack of activation of skeletal muscle AMPK during 120 min of cycling exercise at 65% V̇O2peak in endurance-trained individuals. These findings indicate that AMPK is not an important regulator of exercise metabolism during 120 min of exercise at 65% V̇O2peak in endurance trained men. It is important that more energy is directed towards examining other potential regulators of exercise metabolism.AbstractAMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is considered a major regulator of skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise. Indeed, AMPK is activated during exercise and activation of AMPK by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR) increases skeletal muscle glucose uptake and fat oxidation. However, we have previously shown that, although AMPK activity increases by 8-10-fold during ∼120 min of exercise at ∼65% V̇O2peak in untrained individuals, there is no increase in these individuals after only 10 days of exercise training (longitudinal study). In a cross-sectional study, we examined whether there is also a lack of activation of skeletal muscle AMPK during 120 min of cycling exercise at 65% V̇O2peak in endurance-trained individuals. Eleven untrained (UT; V̇O2peak = 37.9 ± 5.6 ml.kg-1 min-1 ) and seven endurance trained (ET; V̇O2peak = 61.8 ± 2.2 ml.kg-1 min-1 ) males completed 120 min of cycling exercise at 66 ± 4% V̇O2peak (UT: 100 ± 21 W; ET: 190 ± 15 W). Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and following 30 and 120 min of exercise. Muscle glycogen was significantly (P < 0.05) higher before exercise in ET and decreased similarly during exercise in the ET and UT individuals. Exercise significantly increased calculated skeletal muscle free AMP content and more so in the UT individuals. Exercise significantly (P < 0.05) increased skeletal muscle AMPK α2 activity (4-fold), AMPK αThr172 phosphorylation (2-fold) and ACCβ Ser222 phosphorylation (2-fold) in the UT individuals but not in the ET individuals. These findings indicate that AMPK is not an important regulator of exercise metabolism during 120 min of exercise at 65% V̇O2peak in endurance trained men.

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Different training responses to eccentric endurance exercise at low and moderate altitudes in pre-diabetic men: a pilot study.

Publications

Different training responses to eccentric endurance exercise at low and moderate altitudes in pre-diabetic men: a pilot study.

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