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Positive Regulation of Interleukin-1? Bioactivity by Physiological ROS-Mediated Cysteine S-Glutathionylation.

ABSTRACT: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cysteine S-glutathionylation is an important posttranslational modification (PTM) that controls a wide range of intracellular protein activities. However, whether physiological ROS can modulate the function of extracellular components via S-glutathionylation is unknown. Using a screening approach, we identified ROS-mediated cysteine S-glutathionylation on several extracellular cytokines. Glutathionylation of the highly conserved Cys-188 in IL-1? positively regulates its bioactivity by preventing its ROS-induced irreversible oxidation, including sulfinic acid and sulfonic acid formation. We show this mechanism protects IL-1? from deactivation by ROS in an in vivo system of irradiation-induced bone marrow (BM) injury. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), an enzyme that catalyzes deglutathionylation, was present and active in the extracellular space in serum and the BM, physiologically regulating IL-1? glutathionylation and bioactivity. Collectively, we identify cysteine S-glutathionylation as a cytokine regulatory mechanism that could be a therapeutic target in the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases.

SUBMITTER: Zhang X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5758045 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Positive Regulation of Interleukin-1β Bioactivity by Physiological ROS-Mediated Cysteine S-Glutathionylation.

Zhang Xue X Liu Peng P Zhang Christie C Chiewchengchol Direkrit D Zhao Fan F Yu Hongbo H Li Jingyu J Kambara Hiroto H Luo Kate Y KY Venkataraman Arvind A Zhou Ziling Z Zhou Weidong W Zhu Haiyan H Zhao Li L Sakai Jiro J Chen Yuanyuan Y Ho Ye-Shih YS Bajrami Besnik B Xu Bing B Silberstein Leslie E LE Cheng Tao T Xu Yuanfu Y Ke Yuehai Y Luo Hongbo R HR

Cell reports 20170701 1

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cysteine S-glutathionylation is an important posttranslational modification (PTM) that controls a wide range of intracellular protein activities. However, whether physiological ROS can modulate the function of extracellular components via S-glutathionylation is unknown. Using a screening approach, we identified ROS-mediated cysteine S-glutathionylation on several extracellular cytokines. Glutathionylation of the highly conserved Cys-188 in IL-1β positively r ...[more]

PMID: 28683316

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Project description:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), encodes two proteases required for replication. The main protease (Mpro), encoded as part of two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, is responsible for 11 different cleavages of these viral polyproteins to produce mature proteins required for viral replication. Mpro is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Certain proteins in cells under oxidative stress undergo modification of reactive cysteines. We show Mpro is susceptible to glutathionylation, leading to inhibition of dimerization and activity. Activity of glutathionylated Mpro could be restored with reducing agents or glutaredoxin. Analytical studies demonstrated that glutathionylated Mpro primarily exists as a monomer and that modification of a single cysteine with glutathione is sufficient to block dimerization and inhibit its activity. Gel filtration studies as well as analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed that glutathionylated Mpro exists as a monomer. Tryptic and chymotryptic digestions of Mpro as well as experiments using a C300S Mpro mutant revealed that Cys300, which is located at the dimer interface, is a primary target of glutathionylation. Moreover, Cys300 is required for inhibition of activity upon Mpro glutathionylation. These findings indicate that Mpro dimerization and activity can be regulated through reversible glutathionylation of a non-active site cysteine, Cys300, which itself is not required for Mpro activity, and provides a novel target for the development of agents to block Mpro dimerization and activity. This feature of Mpro may have relevance to the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and related bat coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is imperative that we learn as much as we can about the biochemistry of the coronavirus proteins to inform development of therapy. One attractive target is the main protease (Mpro), a dimeric enzyme necessary for viral replication. Most work thus far developing Mpro inhibitors has focused on the active site. Our work has revealed a regulatory mechanism for Mpro activity through glutathionylation of a cysteine (Cys300) at the dimer interface, which can occur in cells under oxidative stress. Cys300 glutathionylation inhibits Mpro activity by blocking its dimerization. This provides a novel accessible and reactive target for drug development. Moreover, this process may have implications for disease pathophysiology in humans and bats. It may be a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to limit replication and avoid killing host bats when they are under oxidative stress during flight.

Dataset Information

Positive Regulation of Interleukin-1? Bioactivity by Physiological ROS-Mediated Cysteine S-Glutathionylation.

Publications

Positive Regulation of Interleukin-1β Bioactivity by Physiological ROS-Mediated Cysteine S-Glutathionylation.

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