Clinical Relapses of Atypical HUS on Eculizumab: Clinical Gap for Monitoring and Individualised Therapy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Teoh CW
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5818949 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a constellation of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli- (STEC-) mediated HUS is a common cause of acute renal failure in children and can rarely result in severe neurological complications such as encephalopathy, seizures, cerebrovascular accidents, and coma. Current literature supports use of eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks complement activation, in atypical HUS (aHUS). However, those with neurologic complications from STEC-HUS have complement activation and deposition of aggregates in microvasculature and may be treated with eculizumab. In this case report, we describe a 3-year-old boy with diarrhea-positive STEC-HUS who developed severe neurologic involvement in addition to acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. He was initiated on eculizumab therapy, with clinical improvement and organ recovery. This case highlights systemic complications of STEC-HUS in a pediatric patient. The current literature is limited but has suggested a role for complement mediation in cases with severe complications. We review the importance of early recognition of complications, use of eculizumab, and current data available.
| S-EPMC8605924 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) approximately 25% of patients show central nervous system (CNS) involvement often leading to serious long-term disabilities. We used the C5-complement inhibitor Eculizumab as rescue therapy. From 2011 to 2014, 11 children (median age 22 months, range 11-175) with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-positive HUS requiring dialysis who had seizures (11/11) and/or were in a stupor or coma (10/11) were treated with Eculizumab. Two patients enrolled on the Safety and Efficacy Study of Eculizumab in Shiga-Toxin Producing E coli Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (STEC-HUS) each received 6 doses of Eculizumab, 3 patients 2 doses, and 6 patients 1 dose. Laboratory diagnostics of blood samples and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed as per center practice. Data were analyzed retrospectively. Cranial MRI was abnormal in 8 of 10 patients with findings in the basal ganglia and/or white matter. A 2-year-old boy with severe cardiac involvement and status epilepticus needed repeated cardio-pulmonary resuscitation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. He died 8 days after start of Eculizumab treatment. Two patients with hemorrhagic colitis and repeated seizures required artificial ventilation for 6 and 16 days, respectively. At the time of discharge, 1 patient showed severe neurological impairment and 1 mild neurological impairment. The 8 surviving patients experienced no further seizures after the first dose of Eculizumab. Three patients showed mild neurological impairment at discharge, whilst the remaining 5 showed no impairment. The platelets normalized 4 days (median) after the first dose of Eculizumab (range 0-20 days). The mean duration of dialysis after the first dose of Eculizumab was 14.1 ± 6.1 days. In children with typical HUS and CNS involvement early use of Eculizumab appears to improve neurological outcome. In severe HUS cases which progress rapidly with multiple organ involvement, late treatment with Eculizumab seems to show less benefit. We speculate that prophylactic Eculizumab therapy before development of neurological symptoms could be advantageous.
| S-EPMC4616562 | biostudies-other
Project description:There is a high incidence of acute kidney injury with COVID-19 infections. The etiologies of acute kidney injury could be ischemic acute tubular necrosis or a complex process of complement activation leading to thrombotic microangiopathy. We present a case of 32-year-old Hispanic male with a history of heart transplant, admitted with COVID-19 and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, which was successfully treated with Eculizumab.
| S-EPMC8383924 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundComplement dysregulation occurs in thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) other than primary atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). A few of these patients have been reported previously to be successfully treated with eculizumab.MethodsWe identified 29 patients with so-called secondary aHUS who had received eculizumab at 11 Spanish nephrology centres. Primary outcome was TMA resolution, defined by a normalization of platelet count (>150 × 10 9 /L) and haemoglobin, disappearance of all the markers of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA), and improvement of renal function, with a ≥25% reduction of serum creatinine from the onset of eculizumab administration.ResultsTwenty-nine patients with secondary aHUS (15 drug-induced, 8 associated with systemic diseases, 2 with postpartum, 2 with cancer-related, 1 associated with acute humoral rejection and 1 with intestinal lymphangiectasia) were included in this study. The reason to initiate eculizumab treatment was worsening of renal function and persistence of TMA despite treatment of the TMA cause and plasmapheresis. All patients showed severe MAHA and renal function impairment (14 requiring dialysis) prior to eculizumab treatment and 11 presented severe extrarenal manifestations. A rapid resolution of the TMA was observed in 20 patients (68%), 15 of them showing a ≥50% serum creatinine reduction at the last follow-up. Comprehensive genetic and molecular studies in 22 patients identified complement pathogenic variants in only 2 patients. With these two exceptions, eculizumab was discontinued, after a median of 8 weeks of treatment, without the occurrence of aHUS relapses.ConclusionShort treatment with eculizumab can result in a rapid improvement of patients with secondary aHUS in whom TMA has persisted and renal function worsened despite treatment of the TMA-inducing condition.
| S-EPMC5410989 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC8421074 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) treatment consists of eculizumab. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes severe pneumonia and endothelial injury that leads to a prothrombotic state that may be complicated by macrovascular and microvascular thrombosis. Complement activation is thought to contribute to endothelial injury and there are at least seven ongoing clinical trials testing six different anti-complement strategies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including eculizumab. We herein report on a kidney transplant patient with aHUS on chronic eculizumab therapy that developed severe COVID-19 despite eculizumab administration early in the course of the disease. Although eculizumab was unable to prevent the development of severe endothelial cell injury, as assessed by increasing D-dimer levels from 292 to 10?586?ng/mL, the patient eventually recovered following dexamethasone and convalescent plasma administration.
| S-EPMC7543344 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The biology of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome has been shown to involve inability to limit activation of the alternative complement pathway, with subsequent damage to systemic endothelial beds and the vasculature, resulting in the prototypic findings of a thrombotic microangiopathy. Central to this process is the formation of the terminal membrane attack complex C5b-9. Recently, application of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to C5, eculizumab, became available to treat patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, replacing plasma exchange or infusion as primary therapy. This review focuses on the evidence, based on published clinical trials, case series, and case reports, on the efficacy and safety of this approach.
| S-EPMC4835139 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionAtypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is mainly due to complement regulatory gene abnormalities with a dominant pattern but incomplete penetrance. Thus, healthy carriers can be identified in any family of aHUS patients, but it is unpredictable if they will eventually develop aHUS.MethodsPatients are screened for 10 complement regulatory gene abnormalities and once a genetic alteration is identified, the search is extended to at-risk family members. The present cohort study includes 257 subjects from 71 families: 99 aHUS patients (71 index cases + 28 affected family members) and 158 healthy relatives with a documented complement gene abnormality.ResultsFourteen families (19.7%) experienced multiple cases. Over a cumulative observation period of 7595 person-years, only 28 family members carrying gene mutations experienced aHUS (overall penetrance of 20%), leading to a disease rate of 3.69 events for 1000 person-years. The disease rate was 7.47 per 1000 person-years among siblings, 6.29 among offspring, 2.01 among parents, 1.84 among carriers of variants of uncertain significance, and 4.43 among carriers of causative variants.ConclusionsThe penetrance of aHUS seems a lot lower than previously reported. Moreover, the disease risk is higher in carriers of causative variants and is not equally distributed among generations: siblings and the offspring of patients have a much greater disease risk than parents. However, risk calculation may depend on variant classification that could change over time.
| S-EPMC8207326 | biostudies-literature
Project description:With the introduction of the complement C5-inhibitor eculizumab, a new era was entered for patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Eculizumab therapy very effectively reversed thrombotic microangiopathy and reduced mortality and morbidity. Initial guidelines suggested lifelong treatment and recommended prophylactic use of eculizumab in aHUS patients receiving a kidney transplant. However, there is little evidence to support lifelong therapy or prophylactic treatment in kidney transplant recipients. Worldwide, there is an ongoing debate regarding the optimal dose and duration of treatment, particularly in view of the high costs and potential side effects of eculizumab. An increasing but still limited number of case reports and small cohort studies suggest that a restrictive treatment regimen is feasible. We review the current literature and focus on the safety and efficacy of restrictive use of eculizumab. Our current treatment protocol is based on restrictive use of eculizumab. Prospective monitoring will provide more definite proof of the feasibility of such restrictive treatment.
| S-EPMC6794245 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSecondary atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (secondary aHUS) is a heterogeneous group of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) associated with various underlying conditions. Unlike primary aHUS, there is still no hard evidence on the efficacy of complement blockade in secondary aHUS, since the two main series that investigated this subject showed discrepant results. Our work aims to reassess the efficacy of eculizumab in treating secondary aHUS.MethodsObservational, retrospective, single-center study, in which we analyzed the hematological and renal evolution of 23 patients diagnosed with secondary aHUS who received treatment with eculizumab and compared them with a control cohort of 14 patients. Complete renal response was defined as the recovery of renal function before the event, partial renal response as a recovery of 50% of lost glomerular filtration rate, and hematological response as normalization of hemoglobin and platelets.ResultsWe found no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics or disease severity between both groups. After a median of 5 doses of eculizumab, the group of patients who received complement blockade presented a significant difference in renal response (complete in 52.3% of patients and partial in 23.8%) compared to the control cohort (complete response 14.3% and partial of 14.3%). Rates of hematological remission were similar in both groups (90.9% in the eculizumab cohort and 85.7% in the control cohort).ConclusionEarly and short-term use of eculizumab in patients with secondary aHUS could be an effective and safe therapeutic option, assuring better renal recovery compared to patients who do not receive complement blockade.
| S-EPMC10808527 | biostudies-literature