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Chasing red herrings: Can visual distracters extend the time children take to open child resistant vials?

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Unintentional exposure to medications is a noted problem in pediatric populations despite the prevalent use of child-resistant (CR) packaging and educational campaigns informing consumers about appropriate storage. OBJECTIVE:Conduct a proof-of concept study that evaluates how package designs that engage the attention of children in meaningless ways affect opening time and number of openings. STUDY DESIGN:Non-CR vials with or without distracters were provided to 108 children (24-51 months) in pairs. Each participant was handed a vial and instructed to "do whatever you want to with it." Successful opening and time to opening were recorded. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS:Older children were approximately four times more likely than younger children to successfully open a vial with a visual distracter (P = 0.049); when distracters were not present, no evidence for differences was apparent between age groups (P = 0.64). For successful openings of either age group, distracter presence significantly prolonged time to opening (P = 0.0375); vials containing distracters took nearly three times longer to open than those without. CONCLUSIONS:Existing CR designs almost exclusively rely on late stages of information processing (e.g. difficult to understand or open). Our results suggest that packaging designs that target early stage processing (i.e. perception) represent a potential paradigm for creating effective CR designs. It should be acknowledged that visual distracters, by their very nature, have the potential to act as "attractive nuisances" (i.e. if it were to be so effective that it drew children to the hazard). Further studies designed to specifically investigate this possibility are advised.

SUBMITTER: Chen R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6291070 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chasing red herrings: Can visual distracters extend the time children take to open child resistant vials?

Chen Rita R Bello Nora M NM Becker Mark W MW Bix Laura L

PloS one 20181212 12

<h4>Background</h4>Unintentional exposure to medications is a noted problem in pediatric populations despite the prevalent use of child-resistant (CR) packaging and educational campaigns informing consumers about appropriate storage.<h4>Objective</h4>Conduct a proof-of concept study that evaluates how package designs that engage the attention of children in meaningless ways affect opening time and number of openings.<h4>Study design</h4>Non-CR vials with or without distracters were provided to 1 ...[more]

PMID: 30540760

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Project description:Sébastien Lavoué, Sahat Ratmuangkhwang, Hsuan-Ching Ho, Wei-Jen Chen, and Mohd Nor Siti Azizah (2018) Longfin herrings form a monophyletic, circumtropically distributed family of mostly marine teleost fishes, the Pristigasteridae (Clupeoidei), that includes 38 species classified into nine genera and three main lineages (the Pelloninae, Pristigasterinae, and the genus Ilisha). The external morphology and osteology of the Pristigasteridae provide only a few, sometimes conflicting, informative characters which makes it difficult to reconstruct their phylogeny, but their swimbladder (a visceral gas-filled chamber that has several important functions in the Teleostei) appears to be highly specialized and variable among species. In particular, the swimbladder of most Indo-West Pacific pristigasterid species exhibits one or paired post-coelomic extensions, whereas New World species do not. The presence of these extensions conflicts with the current systematic classification, as they are only found in subsets of different taxa. To examine this conflict, the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic tree of the Pristigasteridae to date was built using six molecular markers and 21 species. This tree deeply disagreed with the current classification in that it indicated that the subfamilies Pelloninae and Pristigasterinae are not monophyletic and neither are the genera Ilisha, Pellona, and Opisthopterus. Using this tree to infer the evolution of the post-coelomic extensions, it was found that their absence is the ancestral condition in the Pristigasteridae. Indo-West Pacific species with post-coelomic extensions evolved later and form a monophyletic group, inside which species with only one extension form a monophyletic group. The consequences of our findings on the evolution and classification of Pristigasteridae are discussed. We suggest that only species of Pristigasteridae having one or paired post-coelomic extensions should be included in the genus Ilisha.

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Chasing red herrings: Can visual distracters extend the time children take to open child resistant vials?

Publications

Chasing red herrings: Can visual distracters extend the time children take to open child resistant vials?

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