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One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO₂ Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Technique.

ABSTRACT: Because of its electrically conducting properties combined with excellent thermal stability and transparency throughout the visible spectrum, tin oxide (SnO₂) is extremely attractive as a transparent conducting material for applications in low-emission window coatings and solar cells, as well as in lithium-ion batteries and gas sensors. It is also an important catalyst and catalyst support for oxidation reactions. Here, we describe a novel nonaqueous sol-gel synthesis approach to produce tin oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with a low NP size dispersion. The success of this method lies in the nonhydrolytic pathway that involves the reaction between tin chloride and an oxygen donor, 1-hexanol, without the need for a surfactant or subsequent thermal treatment. This one-pot procedure is carried out at relatively low temperatures in the 160-260 °C range, compatible with coating processes on flexible plastic supports. The NP size distribution, shape, and dislocation density were studied by powder X-ray powder diffraction analyzed using the method of whole powder pattern modeling, as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The SnO₂ NPs were determined to have particle sizes between 3.4 and 7.7 nm. The reaction products were characterized using liquid-state ¹³C and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that confirmed the formation of dihexyl ether and 1-chlorohexane. The NPs were studied by a combination of ¹³C, ¹H, and ¹¹⁹Sn solid-state NMR as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The ¹³C SSNMR, FTIR, and Raman data showed the presence of organic species derived from the 1-hexanol reactant remaining within the samples. The optical absorption, studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, indicated that the band gap (E _g) shifted systematically to lower energy with decreasing NP sizes. This unusual result could be due to mechanical strains present within the smallest NPs perhaps associated with the organic ligands decorating the NP surface. As the size increased, we observed a correlation with an increased density of screw dislocations present within the NPs that could indicate relaxation of the stress. We suggest that this could provide a useful method for band gap control within SnO₂ NPs in the absence of chemical dopants.

SUBMITTER: Karmaoui M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6644347 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Technique.

Karmaoui Mohamed M Jorge Ana Belen AB McMillan Paul F PF Aliev Abil E AE Pullar Robert C RC Labrincha João António JA Tobaldi David Maria DM

ACS omega 20181015 10

Because of its electrically conducting properties combined with excellent thermal stability and transparency throughout the visible spectrum, tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) is extremely attractive as a transparent conducting material for applications in low-emission window coatings and solar cells, as well as in lithium-ion batteries and gas sensors. It is also an important catalyst and catalyst support for oxidation reactions. Here, we describe a novel nonaqueous sol-gel synthesis approach to prod ...[more]

PMID: 31458041

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Project description:Titanium dioxide (TiO2) in the form of thin films has attracted enormous attention for photocatalysis. It combines the fundamental properties of TiO2 as a large bandgap semiconductor with the advantage of thin films, making it competitive with TiO2 powders for recycling and maintenance in photocatalytic applications. There are many aspects affecting the photocatalytic performance of thin film structures, such as the nanocrystalline size, surface morphology, and phase composition. However, the quantification of each influencing aspect needs to be better studied and correlated. Here, we prepared a series of TiO2 thin films using a sol-gel process and spin-coated on p-type, (100)-oriented silicon substrates with a native oxide layer. The as-deposited TiO2 thin films were then annealed at different temperatures from 400 °C to 800 °C for 3 h in an ambient atmosphere. This sample synthesis provided systemic parameter variation regarding the aspects mentioned above. To characterize thin films, several techniques were used. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) was employed for the investigation of the film thickness and the optical properties. The results revealed that an increasing annealing temperature reduced the film thickness with an increase in the refractive index. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was utilized to examine the surface morphology, revealing an increased surface roughness and grain sizes. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and UV-Raman spectroscopy were used to study the phase composition and crystallite size. The annealing process initially led to the formation of pure anatase, followed by a transformation from anatase to rutile as the annealing temperature increased. An overall enhancement in crystallinity was also observed. The photocatalytic properties of the thin films were tested using the photocatalytic decomposition of acetone gas in a home-built solid (photocatalyst)-gas (reactant) reactor. The composition of the gas mixture in the reaction chamber was monitored using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Finally, all of the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of the TiO2 thin films were quantified and correlated with their photocatalytic properties using a correlation matrix. This provided a good overview of which film properties affect the photocatalytic efficiency the most.

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One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO₂ Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Technique.

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One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Technique.

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One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Technique.

Publications

One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Technique.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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One-Step Synthesis, Structure, and Band Gap Properties of SnO₂ Nanoparticles Made by a Low Temperature Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Technique.