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Chocolate intake and heart disease and stroke in the Women's Health Initiative: a prospective analysis.

ABSTRACT: Background:Three recent meta-analyses found significant prospective inverse associations between chocolate intake and cardiovascular disease risk. Evidence from these meta-analyses suggests that such inverse associations may only apply to elderly individuals or those with pre-existing major chronic disease. Objective:We assessed the association between habitual chocolate intake and subsequent incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, and the potential effect of modification by age. Design:We conducted multivariable Cox regression analyses using data from 83,310 postmenopausal women free of baseline pre-existing major chronic disease in the prospective Women's Health Initiative cohort. Chocolate intake was assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire. Physician-adjudicated events or deaths were ascertained up to 30 September 2013. Results:After exclusions, there were 3246 CHD and 2624 stroke events or deaths, representing incidence rates of 3.9% and 3.2% during 1,098,091 and 1,101,022 person-years (13.4 y), respectively. We found no association between consumption of chocolate and risk of CHD (P for linear trend = 0.94) or stroke (P = 0.24). The results for CHD and stroke combined were similar (P = 0.30), but were significantly modified by age (P for interaction = 0.02). For women age <65 y at baseline, those who ate 1 oz (28.35 g) of chocolate <1/mo, 1 to <1.5/mo, 1.5 to <3.5/mo, 3.5/mo to <3/wk, and ?3/wk had HRs (95% CIs) of 1.00 (referent), 1.17 (1.00, 1.36), 1.05 (0.90, 1.22), 1.09 (0.94, 1.25), and 1.27 (1.09, 1.49), respectively (P for linear trend = 0.005). No association was apparent for older women. Conclusion:We observed no association between chocolate intake and risk of CHD, stroke, or both combined in participants free of pre-existing major chronic disease. The relation for both combined was modified by age, with a significant positive linear trend and an increased risk in the highest quintile of chocolate consumption among women age <65 y. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03453073.

SUBMITTER: Greenberg JA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6862600 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Chocolate intake and heart disease and stroke in the Women's Health Initiative: a prospective analysis.

Greenberg James A JA Manson JoAnn E JE Neuhouser Marian L ML Tinker Lesley L Eaton Charles C Johnson Karen C KC Shikany James M JM

The American journal of clinical nutrition 20180701 1

<h4>Background</h4>Three recent meta-analyses found significant prospective inverse associations between chocolate intake and cardiovascular disease risk. Evidence from these meta-analyses suggests that such inverse associations may only apply to elderly individuals or those with pre-existing major chronic disease.<h4>Objective</h4>We assessed the association between habitual chocolate intake and subsequent incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, and the potential effect of modificatio ...[more]

PMID: 29931040

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Project description:Background and Purpose- We examine the association between self-reported consumption of artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) and stroke and its subtypes, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal US women. Methods- The analytic cohort included 81?714 women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, a multicenter longitudinal study of the health of 93?676 postmenopausal women of ages 50 to 79 years at baseline who enrolled in 1993 to 1998. This prospective study had a mean follow-up time of 11.9 years (SD of 5.3 years.) Participants who completed a follow-up visit 3 years after baseline were included in the study. Results- Most participants (64.1%) were infrequent consumers (never or <1/week) of ASB, with only 5.1% consuming ?2 ASBs/day. In multivariate analyses, those consuming the highest level of ASB compared to never or rarely (<1/wk) had significantly greater likelihood of all end points (except hemorrhagic stroke), after controlling for multiple covariates. Adjusted models indicated that hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 1.23 (1.02-1.47) for all stroke; 1.31 (1.06-1.63) for ischemic stroke; 1.29 (1.11-1.51) for coronary heart disease; and 1.16 (1.07-1.26) for all-cause mortality. In women with no prior history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, high consumption of ASB was associated with more than a 2-fold increased risk of small artery occlusion ischemic stroke hazard ratio =2.44 (95% confidence interval, 1.47-4.04.) High consumption of ASBs was associated with significantly increased risk of ischemic stroke in women with body mass index ?30; hazard ratio =2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.38-2.98). Conclusions- Higher intake of ASB was associated with increased risk of stroke, particularly small artery occlusion subtype, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. Although requiring replication, these new findings add to the potentially harmful association of consuming high quantities of ASB with these health outcomes.

Project description:Nutrient-related anemia among postmenopausal women is preventable; recent data on prevalence are limited.To investigate the association between nutrient intakes and anemia prevalence, in relation to both incidence and persistence, in a longitudinal sample of postmenopausal women. We hypothesized that anemia prevalence, incidence, and persistence would be greater among women reporting lower intake of vitamin B-12, folate, and iron.Prospective cohort analysis.The observational cohort of the Women's Health Initiative, including 93,676 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 79 years, who were recruited across the United States at 40 clinical study sites. Women were enrolled between 1993 and 1998; data collection for these analyses continued through 2000.Anemia was defined as a blood hemoglobin concentration of <12.0 g/dL (120.0 g/L). Persistent anemia was defined as anemia present at each measurement time point. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire for iron, folate, B-12, red meat, and cold breakfast cereal; inadequacies were based on dietary reference intakes for women older than age 50 years.Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) were used to characterize the population demographics, anemia rates, and diet. Unconditional logistic regression was used to investigate associations between diet and incident and persistent anemia. Associations are presented as odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals.Anemia was identified in 3,979 (5.5%) of the cohort. Inadequate intakes of multiple anemia-associated nutrients were less frequent in non-Hispanic whites (7.4%) than other race/ethnic groups (inadequacies demonstrated in 14.6% to 16.3% of the sample). Age, body mass index, and smoking were associated with anemia. Women with anemia reported lower intakes of energy, protein, folate, vitamin B-12, iron, vitamin C, and red meat. Multiple (more than a single nutrient) dietary deficiencies were associated with a 21% greater risk of persistent anemia (odds ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.41) and three deficiencies resulted in a 44% increase in risk for persistent anemia (odds ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.73).Inadequate nutrient intake, a modifiable condition, is associated with greater risk for anemia in postmenopausal women participating in the Observational Study of the Women's Health Initiative. Efforts to identify and update incidence estimates for anemia-associated nutrient deficiencies in aging women should be undertaken.

Dataset Information

Chocolate intake and heart disease and stroke in the Women's Health Initiative: a prospective analysis.

Publications

Chocolate intake and heart disease and stroke in the Women's Health Initiative: a prospective analysis.

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