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Transcriptional Changes on Blight Fruiting Body of Flammulina velutipes Caused by Two New Bacterial Pathogens.

ABSTRACT: A blight disease of Flammulina velutipes was identified with symptoms of growth cessation of young fruiting bodies, short stipe, and brown spots on the pileus. The pathogenic bacteria were identified as Arthrobacter arilaitensis and Pseudomonas yamanorum by Koch's postulate, gram staining, morphological and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analyses. Either of the pathogenic bacteria or both of them can cause the same symptoms. Transcriptome changes in blighted F. velutipes were investigated between diseased and normal samples. Compared to the control group, 1,099 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were overlapping in the bacteria-infected groups. The DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways such as xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 and tyrosine metabolism. Based on weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), the module most correlated to the pathogen-treated F. velutipes samples and candidate hub genes in the co-regulatory network were identified. Furthermore, a potential diseased mechanism involved in cell wall non-extension, phenolic substrate oxidation, and stress defense response was proposed based on the up-regulation of differentially expressed genes encoding chitin deacetylase, tyrosinase, cytochrome P450, MFS transporter, and clavaminate synthase-like protein. This study provides insights into the underlying reactions of young fruiting body of F. velutipes suffering from blight disease and facilitates the understanding of the pathogenic procedure of bacteriosis in edible mushrooms.

SUBMITTER: Wang Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6917577 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Flammulina velutipes, one of the most popular mushroom species in the world, has been recognized as a useful model system to study the biochemical and physiological aspects of the formation and elongation of fruit body. However, few reports have been published on the regulation of fruiting body formation in F. velutipes at the molecular level. In this study, a jacalin-related lectin gene from F. velutipes was characterized. The phylogenetic tree revealed that Fv-JRL1 clustered with other basidiomycete jacalin-like lectins. Moreover, the transcriptional pattern of the Fv-JRL1 gene in different developmental stages of F. velutipes implied that Fv-JRL1 could be important for formation of fruit body. Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression analyses provided powerful evidence that the lectin gene Fv-JRL1 from F. velutipes plays important roles in fruiting body formation.

| S-EPMC5187758 | biostudies-literature

Relationship between fruiting body development and extracellular laccase production in the edible mushroom <i>Flammulina velutipes</i>.

Project description:The biochemical mechanism underlying the development of fruiting bodies in Flammulina velutipes, an edible mushroom, was investigated using the YBLB colorimetric assay to distinguish between the normal strain (FVN-1) and the degenerate strain (FVD-1). In this assay, the color of the YBLB medium (blue-green) inoculated with FVN-1 exhibiting normal fruiting body development changed to yellow, while the color of the medium inoculated with FVD-1 changed to blue. In this study, we found that this color difference originated from extracellular laccase produced by FVN-1. Moreover, FVN-1 exhibited considerably higher extracellular laccase activity than FVD-1, under conditions facilitating fruiting body formation. Overall, these findings suggest that extracellular laccase is involved in the fruiting body development process in F. velutipes.

| S-EPMC8760411 | biostudies-literature

Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles in the fruiting body of enoki mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes) under Pb<sup>2+</sup> induction.

Project description:Fungi can produce many compounds, such as proteins, enzymes, amino acids, and polysaccharides, which are internalised and enriched for metals, and are widely used as reducing and stabilising agents for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Almost all fungal sources used in the synthesis of the Au NPs are in the form of cell filtrates or mycelial suspensions. However, the culture of cell-free fungal filtrate and mycelium is not comparable to the propagation of fungal substrates in input and operation. Here, we evaluated in vivo biosynthesis of Au NPs in enoki mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes). HAuCl4 was reduced in the fruiting body of the enoki mushrooms via induction by Pb2+ , resulting in the generation of Au NPs. We then employed UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer to characterise various shapes of the Au NPs. The elemental analysis indicated that the Au NPs were mainly concentrated in organelles of the stalk and cap cells. We also demonstrated that 0.3-0.5 mM HAuCl4 was the optimal stress treatment concentration based on the changes in physiological indicators of the enoki mushrooms. This work reveals that fungi can be utilised well as nanomaterial bioreactors.

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mRNA profiles of Flammulina velutipes which of anti-disease and early fruiting by RNA sequencing

Project description:We isolated a bacterial identified as the genus of Mycetocola from the infected Flammulina velutipes samples collected from mushroom house in Hebei, North China. The stipe of F. velutipes appeared water-soaked, soften and browning after infected, finally, the whole plant rotten. The incidence of the disease can reach more than 80% in the serious areas, resulting in an obvious decline in the yield and quality of the F. velutipes. Furthermore, the pathogenic bacteria may occurrence in large areas by accumulated in the annual cultivation process. Therefore, the most effective measures to control this bacterial disease is screening resistant strains of F. velutipes with high yield and good agronomic traits. We obtained a white F. velutipes strain JK502 which has strong resistance to this bacterium by using the double-layer plate method combined with the sporozoite hybridization. JK501, which can early fruited, was screened using the same parent SH9 by multi spore hybridization. In order to investigate the differences of gene expression between the parent strain and the selected strains, we completed the transcriptome sequencing by Illumina HiSeq X system.

2024-02-21 | GSE111625 | GEO

Flammulina velutipes

Project description:Flammulina velutipes Raw sequence reads

| PRJNA369728 | ENA

Flammulina velutipes

Project description:The mycelium transcriptome

| PRJNA600600 | ENA

Flammulina velutipes

Project description:Flammulina velutipes Raw sequence reads

| PRJNA508288 | ENA

Flammulina velutipes

Project description:A white-rot fungus

| PRJNA192187 | ENA

Combining transcriptomics and metabolomics to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism of ergosterol biosynthesis during the fruiting process of Flammulina velutipes.

Project description:BackgroundFlammulina velutipes has been recognized as a useful basidiomycete with nutritional and medicinal values. Ergosterol, one of the main sterols of F. velutipes is an important precursor of novel anticancer and anti-HIV drugs. Therefore, many studies have focused on the biosynthesis of ergosterol and have attempted to upregulate its content in multiple organisms. Great progress has been made in understanding the regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, this molecular mechanism in F. velutipes remains largely uncharacterized.ResultsIn this study, nine cDNA libraries, prepared from mycelia, young fruiting bodies and mature fruiting bodies of F. velutipes (three replicate sets for each stage), were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform, resulting in at least 6.63 Gb of clean reads from each library. We studied the changes in genes and metabolites in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway of F. velutipes during the development of fruiting bodies. A total of 13 genes (6 upregulated and 7 downregulated) were differentially expressed during the development from mycelia to young fruiting bodies (T1), while only 1 gene (1 downregulated) was differentially expressed during the development from young fruiting bodies to mature fruiting bodies (T2). A total of 7 metabolites (3 increased and 4 reduced) were found to have changed in content during T1, and 4 metabolites (4 increased) were found to be different during T2. A conjoint analysis of the genome-wide connection network revealed that the metabolites that were more likely to be regulated were primarily in the post-squalene pathway.ConclusionsThis study provides useful information for understanding the regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis and the regulatory relationship between metabolites and genes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway during the development of fruiting bodies in F. velutipes.

| S-EPMC6924009 | biostudies-literature

Endo-beta-1,3-galactanase from winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes.

Project description:Arabinogalactan proteins are proteoglycans found on the cell surface and in the cell walls of higher plants. The carbohydrate moieties of most arabinogalactan proteins are composed of β-1,3-galactan main chains and β-1,6-galactan side chains, to which other auxiliary sugars are attached. For the present study, an endo-β-1,3-galactanase, designated FvEn3GAL, was first purified and cloned from winter mushroom Flammulina velutipes. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzed β-1,3-galactan, but did not act on β-1,3-glucan, β-1,3:1,4-glucan, xyloglucan, and agarose. It released various β-1,3-galactooligosaccharides together with Gal from β-1,3-galactohexaose in the early phase of the reaction, demonstrating that it acts on β-1,3-galactan in an endo-fashion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that FvEn3GAL is member of a novel subgroup distinct from known glycoside hydrolases such as endo-β-1,3-glucanase and endo-β-1,3:1,4-glucanase in glycoside hydrolase family 16. Point mutations replacing the putative catalytic Glu residues conserved for enzymes in this family with Asp abolished activity. These results indicate that FvEn3GAL is a highly specific glycoside hydrolase 16 endo-β-1,3-galactanase.

| S-EPMC3149374 | biostudies-literature

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