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Acoustic tracheal rupture provides insights into larval mosquito respiration.

ABSTRACT: Acoustic larviciding (AL) occurs by exposing mosquito larvae to acoustic energy that ruptures their dorsal tracheal trunks (DTTs) by the expulsion of gas bubbles into the body. In studying this technique, we serendipitously identified undescribed anatomical and physiological respiratory features. The classical theory of respiration is that the siphon and DTTs play obligate roles in respiration. Our results contradict the accepted theory that culicine larvae respire via atmospheric gas exchange. We identified an undescribed tracheal occlusion (TO) at the posterior extremities the DTTs. The TOs appear necessary for the acoustic rupture of DTTs; this constriction prevents the escape of energized gas from the siphon and allows the tracheal system to be pressurized. With a pressurized isolated tracheal system, metabolic gas exchange directly with the atmosphere is unlikely and could mostly occur through the chitin and setae. Future studies are needed to explore respiration and elucidate the mechanisms of oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide elimination.

SUBMITTER: Nyberg HJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7012908 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Acoustic tracheal rupture provides insights into larval mosquito respiration.

Nyberg Herbert J HJ Muto Kunihiro K

Scientific reports 20200211 1

Acoustic larviciding (AL) occurs by exposing mosquito larvae to acoustic energy that ruptures their dorsal tracheal trunks (DTTs) by the expulsion of gas bubbles into the body. In studying this technique, we serendipitously identified undescribed anatomical and physiological respiratory features. The classical theory of respiration is that the siphon and DTTs play obligate roles in respiration. Our results contradict the accepted theory that culicine larvae respire via atmospheric gas exchange. ...[more]

PMID: 32047234

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Project description:BackgroundLarval features such as the apical organ, apical ciliary tuft, and ciliated bands often complicate the evaluation of hypotheses regarding the origin of the adult bilaterian nervous system. Understanding how neurogenic domains form within the bilaterian head and larval apical organ requires expression data from animals that exhibit aspects of both centralized and diffuse nervous systems at different life history stages. Here, we describe the expression of eight neural-related genes during the larval development of the brachiopod, Terebratalia transversa.ResultsRadially symmetric gastrulae broadly express Tt-Six3/6 and Tt-hbn in the animal cap ectoderm. Tt-NK2.1 and Tt-otp are restricted to a central subset of these cells, and Tt-fez and Tt-FoxQ2 expression domains are already asymmetric at this stage. As gastrulation proceeds, the spatial expression of these genes is split between two anterior ectodermal domains, a more dorsal region comprised of Tt-Six3/6, Tt-fez, Tt-FoxQ2, and Tt-otp expression domains, and an anterior ventral domain demarcated by Tt-hbn and Tt-NK2.1 expression. More posteriorly, the latter domains are bordered by Tt-FoxG expression in the region of the transverse ciliated band. Tt-synaptotagmin 1 is expressed throughout the anterior neural ectoderm. All genes are expressed late into larval development. The basiepithelial larval nervous system includes three neurogenic domains comprised of the more dorsal apical organ and a ventral cell cluster in the apical lobe as well as a mid-ventral band of neurons in the mantle lobe. Tt-otp is the only gene expressed in numerous flask-shaped cells of the apical organ and in a subset of neurons in the mantle lobe.ConclusionsOur expression data for Tt-Six3/6, Tt-FoxQ2, and Tt-otp confirm some aspects of bilaterian-wide conservation of spatial partitioning within anterior neurogenic domains and also suggest a common origin for central otp-positive cell types within the larval apical organs of spiralians. However, the field of sensory neurons within the larval apical organ of Terebratalia is broader and composed of more cells relative to those of other spiralian larvae. These cellular differences are mirrored in the broader spatial and temporal expression patterns of Tt-FoxQ2 and Tt-otp. Corresponding differences in the expression of Tt-hbn, Tt-NK2.1, and Tt-FoxG are also observed relative to their respective domains within the cerebral ganglia of spiralians. Based on these data we argue that the anterior region of the bilaterian stem species included Six3/6, NK2.1, otp, hbn, fez, and FoxQ2 expression domains that were subsequently modified within larval and adult neural tissues of protostome and deuterostome animals.

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Acoustic tracheal rupture provides insights into larval mosquito respiration.

Publications

Acoustic tracheal rupture provides insights into larval mosquito respiration.

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