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Spaced Training Forms Complementary Long-Term Memories of Opposite Valence in Drosophila.

ABSTRACT: Forming long-term memory (LTM) often requires repetitive experience spread over time. Studies in Drosophila suggest aversive olfactory LTM is optimal after spaced training, multiple trials of differential odor conditioning with rest intervals. Memory after spaced training is frequently compared to that after the same number of trials without intervals. Here we show that, after spaced training, flies acquire additional information and form an aversive memory for the shock-paired odor and a slowly emerging and more persistent "safety-memory" for the explicitly unpaired odor. Safety-memory acquisition requires repetition, order, and spacing of the training trials and relies on triggering specific rewarding dopaminergic neurons. Co-existence of aversive and safety memories is evident as depression of odor-specific responses at different combinations of junctions in the mushroom body output network; combining two outputs appears to signal relative safety. Having complementary aversive and safety memories augments LTM performance after spaced training by making the odor preference more certain.

SUBMITTER: Jacob PF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7302427 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Spaced Training Forms Complementary Long-Term Memories of Opposite Valence in Drosophila.

Jacob Pedro F PF Waddell Scott S

Neuron 20200413 6

Forming long-term memory (LTM) often requires repetitive experience spread over time. Studies in Drosophila suggest aversive olfactory LTM is optimal after spaced training, multiple trials of differential odor conditioning with rest intervals. Memory after spaced training is frequently compared to that after the same number of trials without intervals. Here we show that, after spaced training, flies acquire additional information and form an aversive memory for the shock-paired odor and a slowly ...[more]

PMID: 32289250

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Project description:Operations on high-dimensional, fixed-width vectors can be used to distribute information from several vectors over a single vector of the same width. For example, a set of key-value pairs can be encoded into a single vector with multiplication and addition of the corresponding key and value vectors: the keys are bound to their values with component-wise multiplication, and the key-value pairs are combined into a single superposition vector with component-wise addition. The superposition vector is, thus, a memory which can then be queried for the value of any of the keys, but the result of the query is approximate. The exact vector is retrieved from a codebook (a.k.a. item memory), which contains vectors defined in the system. To perform these operations, the item memory vectors and the superposition vector must be the same width. Increasing the capacity of the memory requires increasing the width of the superposition and item memory vectors. In this article, we demonstrate that in a regime where many (e.g., 1,000 or more) key-value pairs are stored, an associative memory which maps key vectors to value vectors requires less memory and less computing to obtain the same reliability of storage as a superposition vector. These advantages are obtained because the number of storage locations in an associate memory can be increased without increasing the width of the vectors in the item memory. An associative memory would not replace a superposition vector as a medium of storage, but could augment it, because data recalled from an associative memory could be used in algorithms that use a superposition vector. This would be analogous to how human working memory (which stores about seven items) uses information recalled from long-term memory (which is much larger than the working memory). We demonstrate the advantages of an associative memory experimentally using the storage of large finite-state automata, which could model the storage and recall of state-dependent behavior by brains.

Dataset Information

Spaced Training Forms Complementary Long-Term Memories of Opposite Valence in Drosophila.

Publications

Spaced Training Forms Complementary Long-Term Memories of Opposite Valence in Drosophila.

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