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Oral Contraceptive Use Influences On-Kinetic Adaptations to Sprint Interval Training in Recreationally-Active Women.

ABSTRACT: Introduction:Oral contraceptive (OC) use influences peak exercise responses to training, however, the influence of OC on central and peripheral adaptations to exercise training are unknown. This study investigated the influence of OC use on changes in time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, as well as tissue saturation index to 4 weeks of sprint interval training in recreationally active women. Methods:Women taking an oral contraceptive (OC; n = 25) or experiencing natural menstrual cycles (MC; n = 22) completed an incremental exercise test to volitional exhaustion followed by a square-wave step-transition protocol to moderate (90% of power output at ventilatory threshold) and high intensity (?50% of power output at ventilatory threshold) exercise on two separate occasions. Time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake on-kinetics, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, and tissue saturation index responses were assessed prior to, and following 12 sessions of sprint interval training (10 min × 1 min efforts at 100-120% PPO in a 1:2 work:rest ratio) completed over 4 weeks. Results:Time-to-fatigue increased in both groups following training (p < 0.001), with no difference between groups. All cardiovascular on-kinetic parameters improved to the same extent following training in both groups. Greater improvements in pulmonary oxygen up-take kinetics were seen at both intensities in the MC group (p < 0.05 from pre-training) but were blunted in the OC group (p > 0.05 from pre-training). In contrast, changes in tissue saturation index were greater in the OC group at both intensities (p < 0.05); with the MC group showing no changes at either intensity. Discussion:Oral contraceptive use may reduce central adaptations to sprint interval training in women without influencing improvements in exercise performance - potentially due to greater peripheral adaptation. This may be due to the influence of exogenous oestradiol and progestogen on cardiovascular function and skeletal muscle blood flow. Further investigation into female-specific influences on training adaptation and exercise performance is warranted.

SUBMITTER: Schaumberg MA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7303366 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Oral Contraceptive Use Influences On-Kinetic Adaptations to Sprint Interval Training in Recreationally-Active Women.

Schaumberg Mia Annalies MA Stanley Jamie J Jenkins David G DG Hume Emily A EA Janse de Jonge Xanne A K XAK Emmerton Lynne M LM Skinner Tina L TL

Frontiers in physiology 20200612

<h4>Introduction</h4>Oral contraceptive (OC) use influences peak exercise responses to training, however, the influence of OC on central and peripheral adaptations to exercise training are unknown. This study investigated the influence of OC use on changes in time-to-fatigue, pulmonary oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and heart rate on-kinetics, as well as tissue saturation index to 4 weeks of sprint interval training in recreationally active women.<h4>Methods</h4>Women taking an oral contraceptiv ...[more]

PMID: 32595523

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Project description:Introduction: The majority of young women use oral contraceptives (OCs). Use of OCs has been associated with lower myofibrillar protein and tendon collagen synthesis rates, but it is unknown whether OCs will limit the adaptive response of myotendinous tissue to resistance training. Design and Methods: Fourteen healthy untrained young regular OC users (24 ± 1 years, fat% 32 ± 1, 35 ± 2 ml?min-1?kg-1) and 14 NOC users (non-OC, controls) (24 ± 1 years, fat% 32 ± 2, 34 ± 2 ml?min-1?kg-1) performed a 10-week supervised lower extremity progressive resistance training program. Before and after the intervention biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle and the patellar tendon were obtained. Muscle (quadriceps) and tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) was determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and muscle fiber CSA was determined by histochemistry. Maximal isometric knee extension strength was assessed by dynamometry while 1 repetition maximum (RM) was determined during knee extension. Results: Training enhanced CSA in both muscle (p < 0.001) and tendon (p < 0.01). A trend toward a greater increase in muscle CSA was observed for OC (11%) compared to NOC (8%) (interaction p = 0.06). Analysis of mean muscle fiber type CSA showed a trend toward an increase in type II muscle fiber area in both groups (p = 0.11, interaction p = 0.98), whereas type I muscle fiber CSA increased in the OC group (n = 9, 3821 ± 197 to 4490 ± 313 mm2, p < 0.05), but not in NOC (n = 7, 4020 ± 348 to 3777 ± 354 mm2, p = 0.40) (interaction p < 0.05). Post hoc analyses indicated that the effect of OCs on muscle mass increase was induced by the OC-users (n = 7), who used OCs containing 30 ?g ethinyl estradiol (EE), whereas the response in users taking OCs with 20 ?g EE (n = 7) did not differ from NOC. Both the OC and NOC group experienced an increase in maximal knee strength (p < 0.001) and 1RM leg extension (p < 0.001) after the training period with no difference between groups. Conclusion: Use of OCs during a 10-week supervised progressive resistance training program was associated with a trend toward a greater increase in muscle mass and a significantly greater increase in type I muscle fiber area compared to controls. Yet, use of OCs did not influence the overall increase in muscle strength related to training.

Project description:BackgroundMany individuals lose less weight than expected in response to exercise interventions when considering the increased energy expenditure of exercise (ExEE). This is due to energy compensation in response to ExEE, which may include increases in energy intake (EI) and decreases in non-exercise physical activity (NEPA). We examined the degree of energy compensation in healthy young men and women in response to interval training.MethodsData were examined from a prior study in which 24 participants (mean age, BMI, & VO2max = 28 yrs, 27.7 kg•m-2, and 32 mL?kg-1?min-1) completed either 4 weeks of sprint-interval training or high-intensity interval training. Energy compensation was calculated from changes in body composition (air displacement plethysmography) and exercise energy expenditure was calculated from mean heart rate based on the heart rate-VO2 relationship. Differences between high (? 100%) and low (< 100%) levels of energy compensation were assessed. Linear regressions were utilized to determine associations between energy compensation and ?VO2max, ?EI, ?NEPA, and ?resting metabolic rate.ResultsVery large individual differences in energy compensation were noted. In comparison to individuals with low levels of compensation, individuals with high levels of energy compensation gained fat mass, lost fat-free mass, and had lower change scores for VO2max and NEPA. Linear regression results indicated that lower levels of energy compensation were associated with increases in ?VO2max (p < 0.001) and ?NEPA (p < 0.001).ConclusionsConsiderable variation exists in response to short-term, low dose interval training. In agreement with prior work, increases in ?VO2max and ?NEPA were associated with lower energy compensation. Future studies should focus on identifying if a dose-response relationship for energy compensation exists in response to interval training, and what underlying mechanisms and participant traits contribute to the large variation between individuals.

Project description:Objective: Athletes increasingly engage in repeated sprint training that consists of repeated short all-out effort interspersed by short periods of recovery. When performed in hypoxia (RSH), it may lead to greater training effects than in normoxia (RSN), however the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed at elucidating the effects of RSH on skeletal muscle oxidative and glycolytic adaptations as compared to RSN. Methods: Healthy young men performed nine repeated sprint training sessions in three weeks. Each training session consisted in six series of six sprints in either normoxia (FiO2 = 20.9%, RSN, n = 7) or normobaric hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.6%, RSH, n = 9). Before and after the training period, exercise performance was assessed by using repeated sprint ability (RSA) and Wingate tests. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed to investigate muscle metabolic adaptations using proteomic combined to western blotting analyses. Results: We observed similar improvements in RSA and Wingate tests in both RSH and RSN groups. Proteomic analysis revealed a decrease in several proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in both groups and this was confirmed with western blot showing significant reductions in complexes I and V protein levels. RSN and RSH increased protein levels of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase II, while only RSH induced a significant increase in the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein levels, suggesting superior glycolytic adaptations in response to hypoxia. This phenotype is further supported by proteomics data showing significant increase of proteins involved in glycolysis. Our proteomics data showed in the RSH group a specific increase in several S100A family proteins, among which S100A13 was the most modified, a result confirmed by western blot. S100A proteins have recently been shown to accelerate glycolytic phenotype of cancer cells by activating the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Our data corroborate these findings by showing in RSH group increased Akt phosphorylation as well as increased levels of proteins related to Akt downstream effects such as enhanced translation. Conclusions: Altogether our data indicate that RSH, as compared to RSN, potentiates the muscle glycolytic phenotype, possibly through the activation of S100A13 and the Akt pathway.

Dataset Information

Oral Contraceptive Use Influences On-Kinetic Adaptations to Sprint Interval Training in Recreationally-Active Women.

Publications

Oral Contraceptive Use Influences On-Kinetic Adaptations to Sprint Interval Training in Recreationally-Active Women.

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