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Experimental evaluation of stiffness predictions of multiaxial flax fibre composites by classical laminate theory.

ABSTRACT: Despite the good mechanical properties of natural fibre composites, their use in load-bearing components is still limited, which may be due to lack of knowledge and confidence in calculating the performance of the composites by mechanical models. The present study is providing an experimental evaluation of stiffness predictions of multiaxial flax fibre composite by classical laminate theory (CLT). The experimental base is (i) multiaxial flax fibre composites fabricated with two types of biaxial non-crimp fabrics, having a nominal yarn orientation of ±45°, and (ii) uniaxial flax fibre composites fabricated with the same flax yarn as used in the fabrics. The fabricated composites are characterised by volumetric composition, yarn orientation and tensile properties. A fast and easy operational Fast Fibre Orientation (FFO) method is developed to determine the actual yarn orientation in fabrics and composites. It is demonstrated that the FFO method is a robust method, giving repeatable results for yarn orientations, and it can be used both on fabrics and composites. CLT predictions of stiffness of the multiaxial flax fibre composites are shown to be in good agreement with the measured stiffnesses of the composites in three testing directions (0°, 45°, and 90°). The use of the actual yarn orientations measured by the FFO method, instead of the nominal yarn orientations of ±45°, is shown to result in improved CLT predictions of stiffness with a mean deviation between predictions and measurements on 0.2 GPa. Altogether, it is demonstrated that stiffness of multiaxial flax fibre composites can be accurately predicted by CLT, without any fitting constants, based on independently determined stiffness parameters of the related uniaxial flax fibre composite, and based on measured yarn orientations in the flax fibre fabric.

SUBMITTER: Ueki Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7313735 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Experimental evaluation of stiffness predictions of multiaxial flax fibre composites by classical laminate theory.

Ueki Yosuke Y Lilholt Hans H Madsen Bo B

PloS one 20200624 6

Despite the good mechanical properties of natural fibre composites, their use in load-bearing components is still limited, which may be due to lack of knowledge and confidence in calculating the performance of the composites by mechanical models. The present study is providing an experimental evaluation of stiffness predictions of multiaxial flax fibre composite by classical laminate theory (CLT). The experimental base is (i) multiaxial flax fibre composites fabricated with two types of biaxial ...[more]

PMID: 32579569

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Project description:BACKGROUND: In recent decades cultivation of flax and its application have dramatically decreased. One of the reasons for this is unpredictable quality and properties of flax fibre, because they depend on environmental factors, retting duration and growing conditions. These factors have contribution to the fibre composition, which consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin. By far, it is largely established that in flax, lignin reduces an accessibility of enzymes either to pectin, hemicelluloses or cellulose (during retting or in biofuel synthesis and paper production).Therefore, in this study we evaluated composition and properties of flax fibre from plants with silenced CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, which is key in the lignin biosynthesis. There is evidence that CAD is a useful tool to improve lignin digestibility and/or to lower the lignin levels in plants. RESULTS: Two studied lines responded differentially to the introduced modification due to the efficiency of the CAD silencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that flax CAD belongs to the "bona-fide" CAD family. CAD down-regulation had an effect in the reduced lignin amount in the flax fibre cell wall and as FT-IR results suggests, disturbed lignin composition and structure. Moreover introduced modification activated a compensatory mechanism which was manifested in the accumulation of cellulose and/or pectin. These changes had putative correlation with observed improved fiber's tensile strength. Moreover, CAD down-regulation did not disturb at all or has only slight effect on flax plants' development in vivo, however, the resistance against flax major pathogen Fusarium oxysporum decreased slightly. The modification positively affected fibre possessing; it resulted in more uniform retting. CONCLUSION: The major finding of our paper is that the modification targeted directly to block lignin synthesis caused not only reduced lignin level in fibre, but also affected amount and organization of cellulose and pectin. However, to conclude that all observed changes are trustworthy and correlated exclusively to CAD repression, further analysis of the modified plants genome is necessary. Secondly, this is one of the first studies on the crop from the low-lignin plants from the field trail which demonstrates that such plants could be successfully cultivated in a field.

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Experimental evaluation of stiffness predictions of multiaxial flax fibre composites by classical laminate theory.

Publications

Experimental evaluation of stiffness predictions of multiaxial flax fibre composites by classical laminate theory.

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