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Conserved Outer Tegument Component UL11 from Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is an Intrinsically Disordered, RNA-Binding Protein.

ABSTRACT: A distinguishing morphological feature of all herpesviruses is the multiprotein tegument layer located between the nucleocapsid and lipid envelope of the virion. Tegument proteins play multiple roles in viral replication, including viral assembly, but we do not yet understand their individual functions or how the tegument is assembled and organized. UL11, the smallest tegument protein, is important for several distinct processes in replication, including efficient virion morphogenesis and cell-cell spread. However, the mechanistic understanding of its role in these and other processes is limited in part by the scant knowledge of its biochemical and structural properties. Here, we report that UL11 from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an intrinsically disordered, conformationally dynamic protein that undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro Intrinsic disorder may underlie the ability of UL11 to exert multiple functions and bind multiple partners. Sequence analysis suggests that not only all UL11 homologs but also all HSV-1 tegument proteins contain intrinsically disordered regions of different lengths. The presence of intrinsic disorder, and potentially, the ability to form LLPS, may thus be a common feature of the tegument proteins. We hypothesize that tegument assembly may involve the formation of a biomolecular condensate, driven by the heterogeneous mixture of intrinsically disordered tegument proteins.IMPORTANCE Herpesvirus virions contain a unique tegument layer sandwiched between the capsid and lipid envelope and composed of multiple copies of about two dozen viral proteins. However, little is known about the structure of the tegument or how it is assembled. Here, we show that a conserved tegument protein UL11 from herpes simplex virus 1, a prototypical alphaherpesvirus, is an intrinsically disordered protein that undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro Through sequence analysis, we find intrinsically disordered regions of different lengths in all HSV-1 tegument proteins. We hypothesize that intrinsic disorder is a common characteristic of tegument proteins and propose a new model of tegument as a biomolecular condensate.

SUBMITTER: Metrick CM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7403781 | biostudies-literature | 2020 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Conserved Outer Tegument Component UL11 from Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is an Intrinsically Disordered, RNA-Binding Protein.

Metrick Claire M CM Koenigsberg Andrea L AL Heldwein Ekaterina E EE

mBio 20200505 3

A distinguishing morphological feature of all herpesviruses is the multiprotein tegument layer located between the nucleocapsid and lipid envelope of the virion. Tegument proteins play multiple roles in viral replication, including viral assembly, but we do not yet understand their individual functions or how the tegument is assembled and organized. UL11, the smallest tegument protein, is important for several distinct processes in replication, including efficient virion morphogenesis and cell-c ...[more]

PMID: 32371601

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Project description:UnlabelledHerpesviruses have a characteristic particle structure comprising an icosahedral capsid, which contains the DNA genome and is, in turn, surrounded by a proteinaceous tegument layer and a lipid envelope. In herpes simplex virus, the interaction between the capsid and tegument is limited to the capsid vertices and involves two minor capsid proteins, pUL17 and pUL25, and the large inner tegument protein pUL36. pUL17 and pUL25 form a heterodimeric structure, the capsid vertex-specific component (CVSC), that lies on top of the peripentonal triplexes, while pUL36 has been reported to connect the CVSC to the penton. In this study, we used virus mutants with deletions in the genes for pUL36 and another inner tegument protein, pUL37, to analyze the contributions of these proteins to CVSC structure. Using electron cryomicroscopy and icosahedral reconstruction of mutants that express pUL17 and pUL25 but not pUL36, we showed that in contrast to accepted models, the CVSC is not formed from pUL17 and pUL25 on their own but requires a contribution from pUL36. In addition, the presence of full-length pUL36 results in weak density that extends the CVSC toward the penton, suggesting either that this extra density is formed directly by pUL36 or that pUL36 stabilizes other components of the vertex-tegument interface.ImportanceHerpesviruses have complex particles that are formed as a result of a carefully controlled sequence of assembly steps. The nature of the interaction between two of the major particle compartments, the icosahedral capsid and the amorphous tegument, has been extensively studied, but the identity of the interacting proteins and their roles in forming the connections are still unclear. In this study, we used electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction to analyze virus particles formed by mutants that do not express particular interacting proteins. We show that the largest viral protein, pUL36, which occupies the layer of tegument closest to the capsid, is essential for formation of structurally normal connections to the capsid. This demonstrates the importance of pUL36 in the initial stages of tegument addition and provides new insights into the process of virus particle assembly.

Project description:UnlabelledHerpes simplex virus (HSV) replicates in the skin and mucous membranes, and initiates lytic or latent infections in sensory neurons. Assembly of progeny virions depends on the essential large tegument protein pUL36 of 3,164 amino acid residues that links the capsids to the tegument proteins pUL37 and VP16. Of the 32 tryptophans of HSV-1-pUL36, the tryptophan-acidic motifs (1766)WD(1767) and (1862)WE(1863) are conserved in all HSV-1 and HSV-2 isolates. Here, we characterized the role of these motifs in the HSV life cycle since the rare tryptophans often have unique roles in protein function due to their large hydrophobic surface. The infectivity of the mutants HSV-1(17(+))Lox-pUL36-WD/AA-WE/AA and HSV-1(17(+))Lox-CheVP26-pUL36-WD/AA-WE/AA, in which the capsid has been tagged with the fluorescent protein Cherry, was significantly reduced. Quantitative electron microscopy shows that there were a larger number of cytosolic capsids and fewer enveloped virions compared to their respective parental strains, indicating a severe impairment in secondary capsid envelopment. The capsids of the mutant viruses accumulated in the perinuclear region around the microtubule-organizing center and were not dispersed to the cell periphery but still acquired the inner tegument proteins pUL36 and pUL37. Furthermore, cytoplasmic capsids colocalized with tegument protein VP16 and, to some extent, with tegument protein VP22 but not with the envelope glycoprotein gD. These results indicate that the unique conserved tryptophan-acidic motifs in the central region of pUL36 are required for efficient targeting of progeny capsids to the membranes of secondary capsid envelopment and for efficient virion assembly.ImportanceHerpesvirus infections give rise to severe animal and human diseases, especially in young, immunocompromised, and elderly individuals. The structural hallmark of herpesvirus virions is the tegument, which contains evolutionarily conserved proteins that are essential for several stages of the herpesvirus life cycle. Here we characterized two conserved tryptophan-acidic motifs in the central region of the large tegument protein pUL36 of herpes simplex virus. When we mutated these motifs, secondary envelopment of cytosolic capsids and the production of infectious particles were severely impaired. Our data suggest that pUL36 and its homologs in other herpesviruses, and in particular such tryptophan-acidic motifs, could provide attractive targets for the development of novel drugs to prevent herpesvirus assembly and spread.

Project description:UnlabelledProteins forming the tegument layers of herpesviral virions mediate many essential processes in the viral replication cycle, yet few have been characterized in detail. UL21 is one such multifunctional tegument protein and is conserved among alphaherpesviruses. While UL21 has been implicated in many processes in viral replication, ranging from nuclear egress to virion morphogenesis to cell-cell spread, its precise roles remain unclear. Here we report the 2.7-Å crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) UL21 (UL21C), which has a unique α-helical fold resembling a dragonfly. Analysis of evolutionary conservation patterns and surface electrostatics pinpointed four regions of potential functional importance on the surface of UL21C to be pursued by mutagenesis. In combination with the previously determined structure of the N-terminal domain of UL21, the structure of UL21C provides a 3-dimensional framework for targeted exploration of the multiple roles of UL21 in the replication and pathogenesis of alphaherpesviruses. Additionally, we describe an unanticipated ability of UL21 to bind RNA, which may hint at a yet unexplored function.ImportanceDue to the limited genomic coding capacity of viruses, viral proteins are often multifunctional, which makes them attractive antiviral targets. Such multifunctionality, however, complicates their study, which often involves constructing and characterizing null mutant viruses. Systematic exploration of these multifunctional proteins requires detailed road maps in the form of 3-dimensional structures. In this work, we determined the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of UL21, a multifunctional tegument protein that is conserved among alphaherpesviruses. Structural analysis pinpointed surface areas of potential functional importance that provide a starting point for mutagenesis. In addition, the unexpected RNA-binding ability of UL21 may expand its functional repertoire. The structure of UL21C and the observation of its RNA-binding ability are the latest additions to the navigational chart that can guide the exploration of the multiple functions of UL21.

Project description:CK2, a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinase present in eukaryotic cells, is known to have a vast number of substrates. We have recently shown that it localizes to nuclei and at pores between hyphal compartments in Magnaporthe oryzae We performed a pulldown proteomics analysis of M. oryzae CK2 catalytic subunit MoCKa to detect interacting proteins. The MoCKa pulldown was enriched for septum and nucleolus proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) containing a CK2 phosphorylation motif that is proposed to destabilize and unfold α-helices. This points to a function for CK2 phosphorylation and corresponding phosphatase dephosphorylation in the formation of functional protein-protein aggregates and protein-RNA/DNA binding. To test this as widely as possible, we used secondary data downloaded from databases from a large range of M. oryzae experiments, as well as data for a relatively closely related plant-pathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum We found that CKa expression was strongly positively correlated with Ser/Thr phosphatases, as well as with disaggregases (HSP104, YDJ1, and SSA1) and an autophagy-indicating protein (ATG8). The latter points to increased protein aggregate formation at high levels of CKa expression. Our results suggest a general role for CK2 in chaperoning aggregation and disaggregation of IDPs and their binding to proteins, DNA, and RNA.IMPORTANCE CK2 is a eukaryotic conserved kinase enzyme complex that phosphorylates proteins. CK2 is known to phosphorylate a large number of proteins and is constitutively active, and thus a "normal" role for a kinase in a signaling cascade might not be the case for CK2. Previous results on localization and indications from the literature point to a function for CK2 phosphorylation in shaping and folding of proteins, especially intrinsically disordered proteins, which constitute about 30% of eukaryotic proteins. We used pulldown of interacting proteins and data downloaded from a large range of transcriptomic experiments in M. oryzae and complemented these with data downloaded from a large range of transcriptomic experiments in Fusarium graminearum We found support for a general role for CK2 in aggregation and disaggregation of IDPs and their binding to proteins, DNA, and RNA-interactions that could explain the importance of CK2 in eukaryotic cell function and disease.

Dataset Information

Conserved Outer Tegument Component UL11 from Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is an Intrinsically Disordered, RNA-Binding Protein.

Publications

Conserved Outer Tegument Component UL11 from Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is an Intrinsically Disordered, RNA-Binding Protein.

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