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Aerosol size distribution measurement of electronic cigarette emissions using combined differential mobility and inertial impaction methods: Smoking machine and puff topography influence.

ABSTRACT: A combination of a real-time high resolution aerosol differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500) and an electrical low pressure impactor (used as a traditional impactor) was applied to simultaneously collect real-time data and analyze particle size by weighing the mass of the aerosol collected on the impactor stages. Nonrefillable fixed-power as well as refillable and power adjustable e-cigarettes (e-cigs) were tested at various puffing flow rates. Two types of smoking machines were used: a smoke cycle simulator that provides instantaneous straight sample delivery to the analyzer and a Human Profile Pump that utilizes two synchronized pistons and operates by sample pull-push mode. Chemical analysis of the major components of e-liquid (propylene glycol, vegetable glycerol, water, and nicotine) was made using a proton nuclear magnetic resonance method. Limited amounts of samples collected on impactor stages were analyzed by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass-spectrometry to find newly formed semi- or low-volatile organic compounds in e-cig aerosol and by transmission electron microscopy to check for the presence of nanoparticles in e-cig emissions. Differential mobility and inertial impaction methods showed comparable particle size results. Method of aerosol generation (type of the smoking machine) as well as puffing topography affected the e-cig particle size. Newly formed semi- or low-volatile organic compounds as well as metal nanoparticles were found in e-cig aerosol.

SUBMITTER: Mikheev VB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7409981 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Aerosol size distribution measurement of electronic cigarette emissions using combined differential mobility and inertial impaction methods: Smoking machine and puff topography influence.

Mikheev Vladimir B VB Ivanov Alexander A Lucas Eric A EA South Patrick L PL Colijn Hendrik O HO Clark Pamela I PI

Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research 20180914 11

A combination of a real-time high resolution aerosol differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500) and an electrical low pressure impactor (used as a traditional impactor) was applied to simultaneously collect real-time data and analyze particle size by weighing the mass of the aerosol collected on the impactor stages. Nonrefillable fixed-power as well as refillable and power adjustable e-cigarettes (e-cigs) were tested at various puffing flow rates. Two types of smoking machines were used: a smok ...[more]

PMID: 32773918

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Project description:Smoking topography parameters differ substantially between individual smokers and may lead to significant variation in tobacco smoke exposure and risk for tobacco-caused diseases. However, to date, little is known regarding the impact of individual puff parameters on the delivery of many harmful smoke constituents including carbonyls. To examine this, we determined the effect of altering individual puff parameters on mainstream smoke carbonyl levels in machine-smoked reference cigarettes. Carbonyls including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, propionaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acrolein, and acetone were determined in cigarette smoke by HPLC after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Deliveries of all carbonyls were nearly two-fold greater when cigarettes were smoked according to the more intense Health Canada Intense (HCI) protocol compared to the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) method, consistent with the two-fold difference in total puff volume between methods (ISO: 280-315 mL; CI: 495-605 mL). When individual topography parameters were assessed, changes in puff volume alone had the greatest effect on carbonyl delivery as predicted with total carbonyls being strongly correlated with overall puff volume (r2: 0.52-0.99) regardless of how the differences in volume were achieved. All seven of the carbonyls examined showed a similar relationship with puff volume. Minor effects on carbonyl levels were observed from vent blocking and changing the interpuff interval, while effects of changing puff duration and peak flow rate were minimal. Overall, these results highlight the importance of considering topography, especially puff volume, when the toxicant delivery and potential exposure smokers receive are assessed. The lack of an impact of other behaviors, including puff intensity and duration independent of volume, indicate that factors such as temperature and peak flow rate may have minimal overall effects on carbonyl production and delivery.

Project description:IntroductionDocumenting factors that influence differential sensitivity to acutely inhaled nicotine products requires carefully controlling the amount of exposure (dose), and thus a procedure by which to control such exposure.MethodsWe evaluated consistency of puff volume from intermittent acute exposures to smoked tobacco cigarettes (study 1, n = 45, plus a comparison study of uninstructed use with n = 59) and to vaped electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes; study 2, n = 27 naive to e-cigarettes) in adult-dependent smokers. All in primary studies 1 and 2 participated in research administering different nicotine levels in each product under blind conditions, one per session using within-subject designs. In both studies, participants followed an automated instructional procedure on a computer monitor standardizing the timing and amount of exposure to each product during a given trial, with four trials per session, each separated by 20 minutes. Puff volume per trial via Clinical Research Support System (CReSS) was the primary dependent measure to determine consistency across trials via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).ResultsControl over topography with both inhaled products was demonstrated by highly significant ICCs for puff volume across trials. Instructed control with own brand was generally better in study 1 than with uninstructed smoking in the comparison sample, as expected. As intended, reliability of puff volume generally did not differ by menthol preference or sex in either study, but ICCs in study 2 tended to be lower for some men using the placebo e-cigarette.ConclusionsThis instructional procedure may substantially improve control over amounts of acute exposure to tobacco or e-cigarette use.ImplicationsControl over topography in studies of acute exposure to these inhaled products can potentially aid validity of research into differential sensitivity to use, so findings can be attributed to factors of interest and not to variable exposure. Our procedure minimized variability in exposure to the same product and between moderate nicotine products, but remaining differences suggest that compensation for very low or no nicotine commercial products may be difficult to totally eliminate with these instructions alone. Further study is needed to determine this procedure's utility with other inhaled products among experienced users and when comparing different products in between-groups analyses.

Project description:SignificanceProtocols for testing and reporting emissions of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) from electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are lacking. The premise of this study is that multi-path relationships may be developed to describe interactions between product characteristics, use behavior and emissions to develop appropriate protocols for tobacco product regulatory compliance testing.MethodsThis study proposes a framework consisting of three component terms: HPHC mass concentration, HPHC mass ratio and total particulate mass (TPM) concentration. The framework informs experiments to investigate dependence of aerosol emissions from five electronic cigarettes spanning several design generations and three e-liquids for six repeated trials at each of ten flow conditions.ResultsResults are reported for TPM concentration as a function of flow conditions spanning the range of natural environment topography observed in prior studies. An empirical correlation describing TPM concentration as a function of flow conditions and coil power setting (6, 7.5 and 10 watts) for the Innokin iTaste MVP 2.0 vaporizer with Innokin iClear 30 dual coil tank is presented. Additional results document the impact of flow conditions and wick and coil design on TPM concentration through comparison of the Innokin iClear 30 (upper coil, capillary action wick) and the Innokin iClear X.I (lower coil, gravity fed wick) operated at 7.5 watts. The impact of e-liquid on TPM concentration is illustrated by comparing emissions from an NJOY Vape Pen filled with AVAIL Arctic Blast, Tobacco Row, and Mardi Gras e-liquids. TPM concentration is shown to depend upon flow conditions across a range of e-cigarette product designs including cig-a-like, pen-style, box-mod and emergent disposable-cartridge style devices.ConclusionsA framework provides a foundation for reporting emissions across a variety of e-cigs, e-liquids and research laboratories. The study demonstrates TPM concentration is a function of topography behavior (i.e. puff flow rate and puff duration) for varying device operating power and product characteristics.

Dataset Information

Aerosol size distribution measurement of electronic cigarette emissions using combined differential mobility and inertial impaction methods: Smoking machine and puff topography influence.

Publications

Aerosol size distribution measurement of electronic cigarette emissions using combined differential mobility and inertial impaction methods: Smoking machine and puff topography influence.

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