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Bridging the Gap Between Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease, Model Systems, and Patients.

ABSTRACT: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of two proteins in fibrillar form: amyloid-? (A?) and tau. Despite decades of intensive research, we cannot yet pinpoint the exact cause of the disease or unequivocally determine the exact mechanism(s) underlying its progression. This confounds early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, which can reveal ongoing biochemical changes in the brain, can help monitor developing AD pathology prior to clinical diagnosis. Here we review preclinical and clinical investigations of commonly used biomarkers in animals and patients with AD, which can bridge translation from model systems into the clinic. The core AD biomarkers have been found to translate well across species, whereas biomarkers of neuroinflammation translate to a lesser extent. Nevertheless, there is no absolute equivalence between biomarkers in human AD patients and those examined in preclinical models in terms of revealing key pathological hallmarks of the disease. In this review, we provide an overview of current but also novel AD biomarkers and how they relate to key constituents of the pathological cascade, highlighting confounding factors and pitfalls in interpretation, and also provide recommendations for standardized procedures during sample collection to enhance the translational validity of preclinical AD models.

SUBMITTER: Bjorkli C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7492751 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Bridging the Gap Between Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease, Model Systems, and Patients.

Bjorkli Christiana C Sandvig Axel A Sandvig Ioanna I

Frontiers in aging neuroscience 20200902

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of two proteins in fibrillar form: amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau. Despite decades of intensive research, we cannot yet pinpoint the exact cause of the disease or unequivocally determine the exact mechanism(s) underlying its progression. This confounds early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, which can reveal ongoing biochemical changes in the brain, can help ...[more]

PMID: 32982716

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Project description:African Americans have been reported to have a higher prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) than Caucasians, but etiology-specific AD biomarkers have not been systematically analyzed in older African Americans. Coexisting cerebrovascular disease may also contribute to this increased prevalence. We hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of amyloid, neurodegeneration, and endothelial dysfunction would differ between older African Americans and Caucasians with normal cognition and cognitive impairment associated with AD.We prospectively recruited 135 older Americans to undergo detailed clinical, neuropsychological, genetic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and CSF analysis from 2013 to 2015 at Emory University (Atlanta, GA, USA). We compared levels of CSF markers for ?-amyloid (A?42, A?40), total and phosphorylated tau (t-tau and p-tau181, respectively), endothelial dysfunction (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1), ?-synuclein, and neurodegeneration (neurofilament light chain [NfL]), as well as MRI markers, for hippocampal atrophy and cerebrovascular disease (white matter hyperintensity [WMH] volume).Sixty-five older African Americans (average age, 69.1 years) and 70 older Caucasians (average age, 70.8 years) were included. After adjusting for demographic variables, AD risk alleles, and cognitive function, older African Americans had lower CSF levels of p-tau181 (difference of 7.4 pg/ml; 95% CI, 3.7-11.2 pg/ml; p?<?0.001), t-tau (difference of 23.6 pg/ml; 95% CI, 9.5-37.7; p?=?0.001), and A?40 (difference of 1.35 ng/ml; 95% CI, 0.29-2.42 ng/ml; p?=?0.013) despite similar levels of A?42, NfL, WMH volume, and hippocampal volume. Cognitively impaired African Americans also had lower CSF t-tau/A?42 (difference of 0.255 per 1-SD change in composite cognition; 95% CI, 0.100-0.409; p?=?0.001) and p-tau181/A?42 (difference of 0.076 per 1-SD change in composite cognition; 95% CI, 0.031-0.122; p?=?0.001). These could not be explained by measured biomarkers of non-AD processes, but African Americans may be more susceptible than Caucasians to the cognitive effects of WMH.Despite comparable levels of CSF A?42 and A?42/A?40, cognitive impairment in African Americans is associated with smaller changes in CSF tau markers but greater impact from similar WMH burden than Caucasians. Race-associated differences in CSF tau markers and ratios may lead to underdiagnosis of AD in African Americans.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02089555 . Retrospectively registered on 14 March 2014.

Dataset Information

Bridging the Gap Between Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease, Model Systems, and Patients.

Publications

Bridging the Gap Between Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease, Model Systems, and Patients.

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