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Synthetic Lethal Interactions for Kinase Deficiencies to DNA Damage Chemotherapeutics.

ABSTRACT: Kinases are signaling enzymes that regulate diverse cellular processes. As such, they are frequently mutated in cancer and therefore represent important targets for drug discovery. However, until recently, systematic approaches to identify vulnerabilities and resistances of kinases to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics have not been possible, partially due to the lack of appropriate technologies. With the advent of CRISPR-Cas9, a comprehensive study has investigated the cellular survival of more than 300 kinase-deficient isogenic cell lines to a diverse panel of DNA-damaging agents, enriched for chemotherapeutics. Here, we discuss how this approach has allowed for the rational development of combination therapies that are aimed at using synthetic lethal interactions between kinase deficiencies and DNA-damaging agents that are used as chemotherapeutics.

SUBMITTER: Robinson-Garcia L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7611143 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Synthetic Lethal Approaches Exploiting DNA Damage in Aggressive Myeloma.

Project description:UnlabelledOngoing DNA damage is a common feature of epithelial cancers. Here, we show that tumor cells derived from multiple myeloma, a disease of clonal plasma cells, demonstrate DNA-replicative stress, leading to DNA damage. We identified a poor-prognosis subset of multiple myeloma with extensive chromosomal instability and replicative stress, which rely on ATR to compensate for DNA-replicative stress; conversely, silencing of ATR or treatment with a specific ATR inhibitor triggers multiple myeloma cell apoptosis. We show that oncogenes, such as MYC, induce DNA damage in multiple myeloma cells not only by increased replicative stress, but also via increased oxidative stress, and that reactive oxygen species-inducer piperlongumine triggers further DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly, ATR inhibition combined with piperlongumine triggers synergistic multiple myeloma cytotoxicity. This synthetic lethal approach, enhancing oxidative stress while concomitantly blocking replicative stress response, provides a novel combination targeted therapy to address an unmet medical need in this subset of multiple myeloma.SignificanceMultiple myeloma remains an incurable disease. We have identified a subset of multiple myeloma patients with poor prognosis, whose tumors present chromosomal instability, replicative and oxidative stress, and DNA damage. We define a synthetic lethal approach enhancing oxidative stress while targeting replicative stress response, inducing tumor cell apoptosis in this patient subset. Cancer Discov; 5(9); 972-87. ©2015 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 893.

| S-EPMC4560623 | biostudies-literature

Identifying collateral and synthetic lethal vulnerabilities within the DNA-damage response.

Project description:BackgroundA pair of genes is defined as synthetically lethal if defects on both cause the death of the cell but a defect in only one of the two is compatible with cell viability. Ideally, if A and B are two synthetic lethal genes, inhibiting B should kill cancer cells with a defect on A, and should have no effects on normal cells. Thus, synthetic lethality can be exploited for highly selective cancer therapies, which need to exploit differences between normal and cancer cells.ResultsIn this paper, we present a new method for predicting synthetic lethal (SL) gene pairs. As neighbouring genes in the genome have highly correlated profiles of copy number variations (CNAs), our method clusters proximal genes with a similar CNA profile, then predicts mutually exclusive group pairs, and finally identifies the SL gene pairs within each group pairs. For mutual-exclusion testing we use a graph-based method which takes into account the mutation frequencies of different subjects and genes. We use two different methods for selecting the pair of SL genes; the first is based on the gene essentiality measured in various conditions by means of the "Gene Activity Ranking Profile" GARP score; the second leverages the annotations of gene to biological pathways.ConclusionsThis method is unique among current SL prediction approaches, it reduces false-positive SL predictions compared to previous methods, and it allows establishing explicit collateral lethality relationship of gene pairs within mutually exclusive group pairs.

| S-EPMC8126165 | biostudies-literature

A reversible gene-targeting strategy identifies synthetic lethal interactions between MK2 and p53 in the DNA damage response in vivo.

Project description:A fundamental limitation in devising new therapeutic strategies for killing cancer cells with DNA damaging agents is the need to identify synthetic lethal interactions between tumor-specific mutations and components of the DNA damage response (DDR) in vivo. The stress-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/MAPKAP kinase-2 (MK2) pathway is a critical component of the DDR network in p53-deficient tumor cells in vitro. To explore the relevance of this pathway for cancer therapy in vivo, we developed a specific gene targeting strategy in which Cre-mediated recombination simultaneously creates isogenic MK2-proficient and MK2-deficient tumors within a single animal. This allows direct identification of MK2 synthetic lethality with mutations that promote tumor development or control response to genotoxic treatment. In an autochthonous model of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we demonstrate that MK2 is responsible for resistance of p53-deficient tumors to cisplatin, indicating synthetic lethality between p53 and MK2 can successfully be exploited for enhanced sensitization of tumors to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics in vivo.

| S-EPMC3962842 | biostudies-literature

Ubiquitin-mediated DNA damage response is synthetic lethal with G-quadruplex stabilizer CX-5461.

Project description:CX-5461 is a G-quadruplex (G4) ligand currently in trials with initial indications of clinical activity in cancers with defects in homologous recombination repair. To identify more genetic defects that could sensitize tumors to CX-5461, we tested synthetic lethality for 480 DNA repair and genome maintenance genes to CX-5461, pyridostatin (PDS), a structurally unrelated G4-specific stabilizer, and BMH-21, which binds GC-rich DNA but not G4 structures. We identified multiple members of HRD, Fanconi Anemia pathways, and POLQ, a polymerase with a helicase domain important for G4 structure resolution. Significant synthetic lethality was observed with UBE2N and RNF168, key members of the DNA damage response associated ubiquitin signaling pathway. Loss-of-function of RNF168 and UBE2N resulted in significantly lower cell survival in the presence of CX-5461 and PDS but not BMH-21. RNF168 recruitment and histone ubiquitination increased with CX-5461 treatment, and nuclear ubiquitination response frequently co-localized with G4 structures. Pharmacological inhibition of UBE2N acted synergistically with CX-5461. In conclusion, we have uncovered novel genetic vulnerabilities to CX-5461 with potential significance for patient selection in future clinical trials.

| S-EPMC8105411 | biostudies-literature

Harnessing Synthetic Lethal Interactions for Personalized Medicine.

Project description:Two genes are said to have synthetic lethal (SL) interactions if the simultaneous mutations in a cell lead to lethality, but each individual mutation does not. Targeting SL partners of mutated cancer genes can kill cancer cells but leave normal cells intact. The applicability of translating this concept into clinics has been demonstrated by three drugs that have been approved by the FDA to target PARP for tumors bearing mutations in BRCA1/2. This article reviews applications of the SL concept to translational cancer medicine over the past five years. Topics are (1) exploiting the SL concept for drug combinations to circumvent tumor resistance, (2) using synthetic lethality to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers, (3) applying SL interactions to stratify patients for targeted and immunotherapy, and (4) discussions on challenges and future directions.

| S-EPMC8779047 | biostudies-literature

Harnessing synthetic lethal interactions in anticancer drug discovery.

Project description:Unique features of tumours that can be exploited by targeted therapies are a key focus of current cancer research. One such approach is known as synthetic lethality screening, which involves searching for genetic interactions of two mutations whereby the presence of either mutation alone has no effect on cell viability but the combination of the two mutations results in cell death. The presence of one of these mutations in cancer cells but not in normal cells can therefore create opportunities to selectively kill cancer cells by mimicking the effect of the second genetic mutation with targeted therapy. Here, we summarize strategies that can be used to identify synthetic lethal interactions for anticancer drug discovery, describe examples of such interactions that are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies of targeted anticancer therapies, and discuss the challenges of realizing the full potential of such therapies.

| S-EPMC3652585 | biostudies-literature

Combinatorial Gene Essentiality and Pharmacological Profiling uncovers enhancer-mediated synthetic lethal interactions with Mediator Kinase

Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.

2021-12-28 | GSE163820 | GEO

Pan-Cancer Analysis of Potential Synthetic Lethal Drug Targets Specific to Alterations in DNA Damage Response.

Project description:Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) is one of the several hallmarks of cancer. Genomic instability resulting from a disrupted DDR mechanism is known to contribute to cancer progression, and are subjected to radiation, cytotoxic, or more recently targeted therapies with limited success. Synthetic lethality (SL), which is a condition where simultaneous loss-of-function of the genes from complementary pathways result in loss of viability of cancer cells have been exploited to treat malignancies resulting from defects in certain DDR pathways. Albeit being a promising therapeutic strategy, number of SL based drugs currently in clinical trial is limited. In this work we performed a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of alterations in 10 DDR pathways with different components of DNA repair. Using unsupervised clustering of single sample enrichment of these pathways in 7,272 tumor samples from 17 tumor types from TCGA, we identified three prominent clusters, each associated with specific DDR mechanisms. Somatic mutations in key DDR genes were found to be dominant in each of these three clusters with distinct DDR component. Using a machine-learning based algorithm we predicted SL partners specific to somatic mutations in key genes representing each of the three DDR clusters and identified potential druggable targets. We explored the potential FDA-approved drugs for targeting the predicted SL genes and tested the sensitivity using the drug screening data in cell lines with mutation in the primary DDR genes. We have shown clinical relevance, for selected targetable SL interactions using Kaplan-Meier analysis in terms of improved disease-free survival. Thus, our computational framework provides a basis for clinically relevant and actionable SL based drug targets specific to alterations in DDR pathways.

| S-EPMC6823874 | biostudies-literature

Modeling DNA trapping of anticancer therapeutic targets using missense mutations identifies dominant synthetic lethal interactions.

Project description:Genetic screens can identify synthetic lethal (SL) interactions and uncover potential anticancer therapeutic targets. However, most SL screens have utilized knockout or knockdown approaches that do not accurately mimic chemical inhibition of a target protein. Here, we test whether missense mutations can be utilized as a model for a type of protein inhibition that creates a dominant gain-of-function cytotoxicity. We expressed missense mutations in the FEN1 endonuclease and the replication-associated helicase, CHL1, that inhibited enzymatic activity but retained substrate binding, and found that these mutations elicited a dominant SL phenotype consistent with the generation of cytotoxic protein-DNA or protein-protein intermediates. Genetic screens with nuclease-defective hFEN1 and helicase-deficient yCHL1 captured dominant SL interactions, in which ectopic expression of the mutant form, in the presence of the wild-type form, caused SL in specific mutant backgrounds. Expression of nuclease-defective hFEN1 in yeast elicited DNA binding-dependent dominant SL with homologous recombination mutants. In contrast, dominant SL interactions with helicase-deficient yCHL1 were observed in spindle-associated, Ctf18-alternative replication factor C (Ctf18-RFC) clamp loader complex, and cohesin mutant backgrounds. These results highlight the different mechanisms underlying SL interactions that occur in the presence of an inhibited form of the target protein and point to the utility of modeling trapping mutations in pursuit of more clinically relevant SL interactions.

| S-EPMC8040598 | biostudies-literature

Combinatorial Gene Essentiality and Pharmacological Profiling uncovers enhancer-mediated synthetic lethal interactions with Mediator Kinase [ChIP]

Project description:Depletion of CDK8 and its paralogue CDK19, resulted in a global down regulation of mRNA expression, and hence we went to investigate the binding of RNA pol II by ChIP seq at the promoter and at the gene body in the DKO cells. To determine the consequence of loss of CDK8/19 in re-defining enhancers and to underpin the molecular mechanism that providing the preferential BET sensitivity for DKO, we performed ChIP sequencing for MED12, a reminiscent mediator kinase component, BRD4 and H3K27Ac. We identified that MED12 redefines the enhancer landscape in the absence of CDK8/19, recruit BRD4 at the cis regions and can be targeted using BET inhibitors

2021-12-28 | GSE163755 | GEO

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