Dataset Information

Excess heat production in the redox couple reaction of ferricyanide and ferrocyanide.

ABSTRACT: In order to establish the universality of the excess heat production in electrochemical reaction, under a high magnetic field, as one of the most fundamental electrochemical reactions, the case of ferricyanide-ferrocyanide redox reaction was examined, where ionic vacancies with?±?1 unit charge were collided by means of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. As a result, from the pair annihilation of the vacancies with opposite signs, beyond 7 T, excess heat production up to 25 kJ·mol^-1 in average at 15 T was observed, which was attributed to the liberation of the solvation energy stored in a pair of the vacancy cores with a 0.32 nm radius, i.e., 112 kJ·mol^-1. Difference between the observed and expected energies comes from the small collision efficiency of 0.22 due to small radius of the vacancy core. Ionic vacancy initially created as a by-product of electrode reaction is unstable in solution phase, stabilized by releasing solvation energy. Ionic vacancy utilizes the energy to enlarge the core and stores the energy in it. As a result, solvated ionic vacancy consists of a polarized free space of the enlarged core surrounded by oppositely charged ionic cloud. The accuracy and precision of the measured values were ascertained by in situ standard additive method.

SUBMITTER: Sugiyama A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7674507 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Excess heat production in the redox couple reaction of ferricyanide and ferrocyanide.

Sugiyama Atsushi A Miura Makoto M Oshikiri Yoshinobu Y Kim Yena Y Morimoto Ryoichi R Miura Miki M Osaka Tetsuya T Mogi Iwao I Yamauchi Yusuke Y Aogaki Ryoichi R

Scientific reports 20201118 1

In order to establish the universality of the excess heat production in electrochemical reaction, under a high magnetic field, as one of the most fundamental electrochemical reactions, the case of ferricyanide-ferrocyanide redox reaction was examined, where ionic vacancies with ± 1 unit charge were collided by means of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow. As a result, from the pair annihilation of the vacancies with opposite signs, beyond 7 T, excess heat production up to 25 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup> in av ...[more]

PMID: 33208775

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Project description:The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of sodium ferrocyanide (E 535), potassium ferrocyanide (E 536), and evaluating the safety of calcium ferrocyanide (E 538) as food additives. The Panel considered that adequate exposure and toxicity data were available. Ferrocyanides (E 535-538) are solely authorised in two food categories as salt substitutes. To assess the dietary exposure to ferrocyanides (E 535-538) from their use as food additives, the exposure was calculated based on regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario (maximum permitted level (MPL)) and the refined exposure assessment scenario. Dietary exposure to ferrocyanides was calculated based on mean and high levels consumption of salts in both the regulatory maximum level and the refined scenario. In the MPL scenario, the exposure to ferrocyanides (E 535-538) from their use as a food additive was up to 0.009 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day in children and adolescents. In the refined estimated exposure scenario, the exposure was up to 0.003 mg/kg bw per day in children and adolescents. Absorption of ferrocyanides is low and there is no accumulation in human. There is no concern with respect to genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Reproductive studies were not available, but a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 1,000 mg sodium ferrocyanide/kg bw per day (highest dose tested) was identified from a prenatal developmental toxicity study. The kidney appeared to be the target organ for ferrocyanides toxicity and 4.4 mg sodium ferrocyanide/kg bw per day was identified as the NOAEL for the renal effects in a chronic (2-year) study in rats. Assuming that the toxicity of this compound is due to the ferrocyanide ion only, the Panel established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) for sodium, potassium and calcium ferrocyanide of 0.03 mg/kg bw per day expressed as ferrocyanide ion. The Panel concluded that ferrocyanides (E 535-538) are of no safety concern at the current authorised use and use levels.

Dataset Information

Excess heat production in the redox couple reaction of ferricyanide and ferrocyanide.

Publications

Excess heat production in the redox couple reaction of ferricyanide and ferrocyanide.

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