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Prion-Like Propagation Mechanisms in Tauopathies and Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Prospects.

ABSTRACT: The accumulation of tau protein in the form of filamentous aggregates is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). These dementias share traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a prominent risk factor. Tau aggregates can transfer between cells and tissues in a "prion-like" manner, where they initiate the templated misfolding of normal tau molecules. This enables the spread of tau pathology to distinct parts of the brain. The evidence that tauopathies spread via prion-like mechanisms is considerable, but work detailing the mechanisms of spread has mostly used in vitro platforms that cannot fully reveal the tissue-level vectors or etiology of progression. We review these issues and then briefly use TBI and CTE as a case study to illustrate aspects of tauopathy that warrant further attention in vivo. These include seizures and sleep/wake disturbances, emphasizing the urgent need for improved animal models. Dissecting these mechanisms of tauopathy progression continues to provide fresh inspiration for the design of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

SUBMITTER: Alyenbaawi H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7692808 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Prion-Like Propagation Mechanisms in Tauopathies and Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Prospects.

Alyenbaawi Hadeel H Allison W Ted WT Mok Sue-Ann SA

Biomolecules 20201027 11

The accumulation of tau protein in the form of filamentous aggregates is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). These dementias share traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a prominent risk factor. Tau aggregates can transfer between cells and tissues in a "prion-like" manner, where they initiate the templated misfolding of normal tau molecules. This enables the spread of tau pathology to distinct parts of the brain. Th ...[more]

PMID: 33121065

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Project description:Traumatic brain injury induces potent inflammatory responses that can exacerbate secondary blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal injury, and neurological dysfunction. Dexmedetomidine is a novel ?2-adrenergic receptor agonist that exert protective effects in various central nervous system diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective action of dexmedetomidine in a mouse traumatic brain injury model, and to explore the possible mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact. After injury, animals received 3 days of consecutive dexmedetomidine therapy (25 µg/kg per day). The modified neurological severity score was used to assess neurological deficits. The rotarod test was used to evaluate accurate motor coordination and balance. Immunofluorescence was used to determine expression of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule-1, myeloperoxidase, and zonula occluden-1 at the injury site. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the concentration of interleukin-1? (IL-1?), tumor necrosis factor ?, and IL-6. The dry-wet weight method was used to measure brain water content. The Evans blue dye extravasation assay was used to measure BBB disruption. Western blot assay was used to measure protein expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1 p20, IL-1?, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-?B) p65, occluding, and zonula occluden-1. Flow cytometry was used to measure cellular apoptosis. Results showed that dexmedetomidine treatment attenuated early neurological dysfunction and brain edema. Further, dexmedetomidine attenuated post-traumatic inflammation, up-regulated tight junction protein expression, and reduced secondary BBB damage and apoptosis. These protective effects were accompanied by down-regulation of the NF-?B and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. These findings suggest that dexmedetomidine exhibits neuroprotective effects against acute (3 days) post-traumatic inflammatory responses, potentially via suppression of NF-?B and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Dataset Information

Prion-Like Propagation Mechanisms in Tauopathies and Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Prospects.

Publications

Prion-Like Propagation Mechanisms in Tauopathies and Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Prospects.

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