Eight-channel parallel transmit-receive system for 7 T MRI with optically controlled and monitored on-coil current-mode RF amplifiers.
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ABSTRACT: Purpose
To demonstrate a practical implementation of an eight-channel parallel-transmit system for brain imaging at 7 T based on on-coil amplifier technology.Methods
An eight-channel parallel transmit-receive system was built with optimized on-coil switch-mode current RF power amplifiers. The amplifiers were optically controlled from an eight-channel interface that was connected to a 7 T MRI scanner. The interface also optically received a down-converted version of the coil current sensed in each amplifier for monitoring and feedback adjustments.Results
Each on-coil amplifier delivered more than 100 W peak power and provided enough amplifier decoupling (<-15 dB) for the implemented eight-channel array configuration. Phantom and human images were acquired to demonstrate practical operation of this new technology in a 7 T MRI scanner.Conclusion
Further development and improvement of previously demonstrated on-coil technology led to successful implementation of an eight-channel parallel-transmit system able to deliver strong B1 fields for typical brain imaging applications. This is an important step forward toward implementation of on-coil RF amplification for high-field MRI.
SUBMITTER: Gudino N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7722142 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:PURPOSE:To develop a new optically controlled on-coil amplifier that facilitates safe use of multi-channel radiofrequency (RF) transmission in MRI by real-time monitoring of signal phase and amplitude. METHODS:Monitoring was carried out with a 4-channel prototype system by sensing, down sampling, digitizing, and optically transmitting the RF transmit signal to a remote PC to control the amplifiers. Performance was evaluated with benchtop and 7 T MRI experiments. RESULTS:Monitored amplitude and phase were stable across repetitions and had standard deviations of 0.061??T and 0.0073 rad, respectively. The feedback system allowed inter-channel phase and B1 amplitude to be adjusted within two iterations. MRI experiments demonstrated the feasibility of this approach to perform safe and accurate multi-channel RF transmission and monitoring at high field. CONCLUSION:We demonstrated a 4-channel transceiver system based on optically controlled on-coil amplifiers with RF signal monitoring and feedback control. The approach allows the safe and precise control of RF transmission fields, required to achieve uniform excitation at high field. Magn Reson Med 79:2833-2841, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
| S-EPMC5839114 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo evaluate the use of radiofrequency scattering of a parallel transmit coil to track diaphragm motion.MethodsMeasurements made during radiofrequency excitation on an 8-channel parallel transmit coil by the directional couplers of the radiofrequency safety monitor were combined and converted into diaphragm position. A 30-s subject-specific calibration with an MRI navigator was used to determine a diaphragm estimate from each directional-coupler measure. Seven healthy volunteers were scanned at 7 T, in which images of the diaphragm were continuously acquired and directional couplers were monitored during excitation radiofrequency pulses. The ability to detect coughing was evaluated in one subject. The method was implemented on the scanner and evaluated for diaphragm gating of a free-breathing cardiac cine.ResultsSix of the seven scans were successful. In these subjects, the root mean square difference between MRI and scattering estimation of the superior-inferior diaphragm position was 1.4 ± 0.5 mm. On the scanner, the position was calculated less than 2 ms after every radiofrequency pulse. A prospectively gated (echocardiogram and respiration) high-resolution free-breathing cine showed no respiratory artifact and sharp blood-myocardium definition.ConclusionsTransmit coil scattering is sensitive to diaphragm motion and provides rapid, quantitative, and accurate monitoring of respiration. Magn Reson Med 79:2164-2169, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| S-EPMC5836958 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo evaluate an algorithm for calibrationless parallel imaging to reconstruct undersampled parallel transmit field maps for the body and brain.MethodsUsing a combination of synthetic data and in vivo measurements from brain and body, 3 different approaches to a joint transmit and receive low-rank tensor completion algorithm are evaluated. These methods included: 1) virtual coils using the product of receive and transmit sensitivities, 2) joint-receiver coils that enforces a low rank structure across receive coils of all transmit modes, and 3) transmit low rank that uses a low rank structure for both receive and transmit modes simultaneously. The performance of each is investigated for different noise levels and different acceleration rates on an 8-channel parallel transmit 7 Tesla system.ResultsThe virtual coils method broke down with increasing noise levels or acceleration rates greater than 2, producing normalized RMS error greater than 0.1. The joint receiver coils method worked well up to acceleration factors of 4, beyond which the normalized RMS error exceeded 0.1. Transmit low rank enabled an eightfold acceleration, with most normalized RMS errors remaining below 0.1.ConclusionThis work demonstrates that undersampling factors of up to eightfold are feasible for transmit array mapping and can be reconstructed using calibrationless parallel imaging methods.
| S-EPMC7611890 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We propose a new slab-wise framework to design parallel transmit multiband pulses for volumetric simultaneous multislice imaging with a large field of view along the slice direction (FOVs).The slab-wise framework divides FOVs into a few contiguous slabs and optimizes pulses for each slab. Effects of relevant design parameters including slab number and transmit B1 (B1+) mapping slice placement were investigated for human brain imaging by designing pulses with global or local SAR control based on electromagnetic simulations of a 7T head RF array. Pulse design using in vivo B1+ maps was demonstrated and evaluated with Bloch simulations.RF performance with respect to SAR reduction or B1+ homogenization across the entire human brain improved with increasing slabs; however, this improvement was nonlinear and leveled off at ?12 slabs when the slab thickness reduced to ?12 mm. The impact of using different slice placements for B1+ mapping was small.Compared with slice-wise approaches where each of the many imaging slices requires both B1+ mapping and pulse optimization, the proposed slab-wise design framework attained comparable RF performance while drastically reducing the number of required pulses; therefore, it can be used to increase time efficiency for B1+ mapping, pulse calculation, and sequence preparation.
| S-EPMC4654723 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeA new approach to design parallel transmit (pTx) head arrays is proposed that integrates transmit radiofrequency pulse designs with electromagnetic modeling of array coil elements.Theory and methodsAn approach to design pTx head arrays is proposed that finds optimal groupings of a large number of coils into a small number of channels. An algorithm is proposed to extend array-compressed parallel transmit pulse design by adding the ability to optimally select and prune coil elements, in addition to optimizing compression weights. The performance of the method is demonstrated in simulations of dynamic multislice shimming of the human brain in axial, coronal, and sagittal directions, and of reduced field-of-view excitation targeting the human occipital lobe, with simulated electromagnetic field maps from a group of 5 human head models at 7T.ResultsFor both dynamic multislice shimming and reduced field-of-view excitation, the method successfully designed pTx arrays that simultaneously achieved in general 15% lower mean excitation errors with 20% lower SDs, along with 20% lower mean global averaged specific absorption rate and 50% lower SD than previously reported pTx head array designs.ConclusionWith the proposed optimal coil element selection algorithm, the array-compressed parallel transmit pulse design can be extended to design pTx transmit head arrays with joint consideration of the fields within the sample and the radiofrequency pulse. The pTx arrays from such an approach achieved higher transmit excitation accuracy, lower radiofrequency heating in subjects, and more robust performance across subjects compared with previously reported pTx head arrays with the same number of channels.
| S-EPMC7047538 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:Managing local specific absorption rate (SAR) in parallel transmission requires ensuring that the peak SAR over a large number of voxels (> 105 ) is below the regulatory limit. The safety risk to the patient depends on cumulative (not instantaneous) SAR thus making a joint design of all RF pulses in a sequence desirable. We propose the Iterative Minimization Procedure with Uncompressed Local SAR Estimate (IMPULSE), an efficient optimization formulation and algorithm that can handle uncompressed SAR matrices and optimize pulses for all slices jointly within a practical time frame. THEORY AND METHODS:IMPULSE optimizes parallel transmit pulses for small-tip-angle slice selective excitation to minimize a single cost function incorporating multiple quantities (local SAR, global SAR, and per-channel power) averaged over the entire multislice scan subject to a strict constraint on excitation accuracy. Pulses for an 8-channel 7T head coil were designed with IMPULSE and compared with pulses designed using generic optimization algorithms and VOPs to assess the computation time and SAR performance benefits. RESULTS:IMPULSE achieves lower SAR and shorter computation time compared with a VOP approach. Compared with the generic sequential quadratic programming algorithm, computation time is reduced by a factor of 5-6 by using IMPULSE. Using as many as 6 million local SAR terms, up to 120 slices can be designed jointly with IMPULSE within 45 s. CONCLUSIONS:IMPULSE can handle significantly larger number of SAR matrices and slices than conventional optimization algorithms, enabling the use of uncompressed or partially compressed SAR matrices to design pulses for a multislice scan in a practical time frame.
| S-EPMC6372346 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo establish a cardiac signal from scattering matrix or scattering coefficient measurements made on a 7T 8-channel parallel transmit (pTx) system, and to evaluate its use for cardiac gating.MethodsMeasurements of the scattering matrix and scattering coefficients were acquired using a monitoring pulse sequence and during a standard cine acquisition, respectively. Postprocessing used an independent component analysis and gating feature identification. The effect of the phase of the excitation radiofrequency (RF) field ( B1+ shim) on the cardiac signal was simulated for multiple B1+ shim configurations, and cine images were reconstructed from both the scattering coefficients and electrocardiogram (ECG).ResultsThe cardiac motion signal was successfully identified in all subjects with a mean signal-to-noise ratio of 33.1 and 5.7 using the scattering matrix and scattering coefficient measurements, respectively. The dominant gating feature in the cardiac signal was a peak aligned with end-systole that occurred on average at 311 and 391 ms after the ECG trigger, with a mean standard deviation of 13.4 and 18.1 ms relative to ECG when using the scattering matrix and scattering coefficients measurements, respectively. The scattering coefficients showed a dependence on B1+ shim with some shim configurations not showing any cardiac signal. Cine images were successfully reconstructed using the scattering coefficients with minimal differences compared to those using ECG.ConclusionWe have shown that the scattering of a pTx RF coil can be used to estimate a cardiac signal, and that scattering matrix and coefficients can be used to cardiac gate MRI acquisitions with the scattering matrix providing a superior cardiac signal. Magn Reson Med 80:633-640, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| S-EPMC5947608 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeMultichannel receive arrays provide high SNR and parallel-imaging capabilities, while transmit-only dipole arrays have been shown to achieve a large coverage of the whole-brain including the cerebellum. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize the performances of a 32-channel receive-only loop array combined with an 8-channel dipole coil array at 7T for the first time.MethodsThe 8Tx-dipoles/32Rx-loops coil array was characterized by the SNR, g-factors, noise correlation matrix, accelerated image quality, and B1+ maps, and compared with a commercial 1Tx-birdcage/32Rx-loops array. Simulated and measured B1+ maps were shown for the 8Tx-dipoles/32Rx-loops coil array and compared with the 8Tx/Rx dipole array.ResultsThe in-house built 32-channel receive coil demonstrated a large longitudinal coverage of the brain, particularly the upper neck area. G-factors and accelerated MR acquisitions demonstrated robust performances up to R = 4 in 2D, and R = 8 (4 × 2) in 3D. A 83% increase in SNR was measured over the cerebellum with the in-house built 8Tx/32Rx coil array compared to the commercial 1Tx/32Rx, while similar performances were obtained in the cerebral cortex.ConclusionsThe combined 32-channel receive/8-channel transmit coil array demonstrated high transmit-receive performances compared to the commercial receive array at 7T, notably in the cerebellum. We conclude that in combination with parallel transmit capabilities, this coil is particularly suitable for whole-brain MR studies at 7T.
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Project description:PurposeTo extend the coverage of brain coil arrays to the neck and cervical-spine region to enable combined head and neck imaging at 7 Tesla (T) ultra-high field MRI.MethodsThe coil array structures of a 64-channel receive coil and a 16-channel transmit coil were merged into one anatomically shaped close-fitting housing. Transmit characteristics were evaluated in a B1+ -field mapping study and an electromagnetic model. Receive SNR and the encoding capability for accelerated imaging were evaluated and compared with a commercially available 7 T brain array coil. The performance of the head-neck array coil was demonstrated in human volunteers using high-resolution accelerated imaging.ResultsIn the brain, the SNR matches the commercially available 32-channel brain array and showed improvements in accelerated imaging capabilities. More importantly, the constructed coil array improved the SNR in the face area, neck area, and cervical spine by a factor of 1.5, 3.4, and 5.2, respectively, in regions not covered by 32-channel brain arrays at 7 T. The interelement coupling of the 16-channel transmit coil ranged from -14 to -44 dB (mean = -19 dB, adjacent elements <-18 dB). The parallel 16-channel transmit coil greatly facilitates B1+ field shaping required for large FOV neuroimaging at 7 T.ConclusionThis new head-neck array coil is the first demonstration of a device of this nature used for combined full-brain, head-neck, and cervical-spine imaging at 7 T. The array coil is well suited to provide large FOV images, which potentially improves ultrahigh field neuroimaging applications for clinical settings.
| S-EPMC9675905 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeMultichannel transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)1 is an emerging technology that allows multiple sites to be stimulated simultaneously or sequentially under electronic control without movement of the coils. A multichannel TMS/MRI head coil array for 3 Tesla is currently under development to mitigate challenges of concurrent TMS/fMRI as well as enable potential new applications. The influence of the multichannel TMS system on the MR image quality and safety must be carefully investigated.MethodsA standard birdcage volume coil for 3 Tesla systems was simulated using a commercial numerical electromagnetic solver. Two setups, consisting of 1) a MR-compatible TMS coil, and 2) a 3-axis TMS coil array, were simulated to quantify changes in the transmit field B1+ and the SAR. A realistically shaped homogeneous head model was used in the computations.ResultsThe stimulation coils produced enhancements and attenuations on the transmit field with effects greater than 5% up to 2.4 cm and 3.3 cm under the scalp for the MR-compatible TMS coil and 3-axis TMS coil array, respectively. The 10 g-SAR distribution did not change significantly in either of the cases; however, the nominal SAR maximum locus was shifted between existing hot spots.ConclusionThe simulated B1+ variations found near the TMS coils indicate the possibility of inducing sequence-dependent image artefacts predominatly limited to the vicinity of the coil(s). However, we conclude that neither the MR-compatible commercial TMS coil nor the 3-axis TMS coil array siginificantly elevate SAR in the head or neck beyond accepted safety limits.
| S-EPMC7180091 | biostudies-literature