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A colorimetric comparison of sunless with natural skin tan.

ABSTRACT: The main ingredient of sunless tanning products is dihydroxyacetone (DHA). DHA reacts with the protein and amino acid composition in the surface layers of the skin, producing melanoidins, which changes the skin colour, imitating natural skin tan caused by melanin. The purpose of this study was to characterise DHA-induced skin colour changes and to test whether we can predict the outcome of DHA application on skin tone changes. To assess the DHA-induced skin colour shift quantitatively, colorimetric and spectral measurements of the inner forearm were obtained before, four hours and 24 hours after application of a 7.5% concentration DHA gel in the experimental group (n = 100). In a control group (n = 60), the same measurements were obtained on both the inner forearm (infrequently sun-exposed) and the outer forearm (frequently sun-exposed); the difference between these two areas was defined as the naturally occurring tan. Skin colour shifts caused by DHA tanning and by natural tanning were compared in terms of lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) in the standard CIELAB colour space. Naturalness of the DHA-induced skin tan was evaluated by comparing the trajectory of the chromaticity distribution in (L*, b*) space with that of naturally occurring tan. Twenty-four hours after DHA application, approximately 20% of the skin colour samples became excessively yellow, with chromaticities outside the natural range in (L*, b*) space. A principal component analysis was used to characterise the tanning pathway. Skin colour shifts induced by DHA were predicted by a multiple regression on the chromaticities and the skin properties. The model explained up to 49% of variance in colorimetric components with a median error of less than 2 ?E. We conclude that the control of both the magnitude and the direction of the colour shift is a critical factor to achieve a natural appearance.

SUBMITTER: Amano K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7735640 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A colorimetric comparison of sunless with natural skin tan.

Amano Kinjiro K Xiao Kaida K Wuerger Sophie S Meyer Georg G

PloS one 20201214 12

The main ingredient of sunless tanning products is dihydroxyacetone (DHA). DHA reacts with the protein and amino acid composition in the surface layers of the skin, producing melanoidins, which changes the skin colour, imitating natural skin tan caused by melanin. The purpose of this study was to characterise DHA-induced skin colour changes and to test whether we can predict the outcome of DHA application on skin tone changes. To assess the DHA-induced skin colour shift quantitatively, colorimet ...[more]

PMID: 33315862

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Project description:Importance:Incidence rates of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers are increasing rapidly in the United States likely because of increased UV light exposure. Sunless tanning is a safe alternative to achieve tanned skin that might help reduce skin cancer incidence by deterring risky behaviors. However, limited data exist on the characteristics and associated skin cancer risk behaviors of sunless tanners in the United States. Objective:To assess the demographic characteristics and skin cancer risk behaviors of sunless tanners among adults in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants:This secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study used data from the 2015 National Health Interview Survey, a population-based survey of the US noninstitutionalized civilian population. Participants included 27?353 men and women 18 years or older. Main Outcome and Measures:Participant demographics and skin cancer risk behaviors, including indoor tanning, skin cancer screening, sunburn, and sun protection behaviors. Results:Of the 27?353 adults (representative of more than 198 million US adults; mean [SE] age, 46.0 [0.2] years) studied, 6.4% (SE, 0.2%) reported sunless tanning. Factors associated with sunless tanning included being young, female, non-Hispanic white, college educated, nonobese, and sun sensitive, living in the western United States, and having a family history of skin cancer. Sunless tanners were more likely to report indoor tanning (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR], 3.77; 95% CI, 3.19-4.43; P?<?.001), recent sunburn (aPOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.31-1.83; P?<?.001), use of sunscreen (??=?0.19; 95% CI, 0.09-0.28; P?<?.001), and having had a full-body skin examination (aPOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.51-2.08; P?<?.001) but less likely to seek shade (??=?-0.12; 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.04; P?=?.001) or use protective clothing when outdoors (long pants: ??=?-0.18; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.11; P?<?.001; long sleeves: ??=?-0.10; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.03; P?=?.01). Among indoor tanners, sunless tanners compared with those who did not sunless tan reported increased frequency of indoor tanning (mean [SE], 19.2 [1.9] vs 14.9 [1.2] sessions in the past 12 months; P?=?.04) but no differences in other skin cancer risk behaviors. Conclusions and Relevance:This study suggests that sunless tanning is associated with risky skin cancer-related behaviors. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether sunless tanning changes UV exposure behaviors to better determine whether sunless tanning represents an effective public health strategy to reduce rates of skin cancer in the United States.

Dataset Information

A colorimetric comparison of sunless with natural skin tan.

Publications

A colorimetric comparison of sunless with natural skin tan.

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