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Understanding the Salt-Dependent Outcome of Glycine Polymorphic Nucleation.

ABSTRACT: The salt-dependent polymorphs of glycine crystals formed from bulk solutions have been a longstanding riddle. In this study, in order to shed fresh light, we studied the effects of seven common salts on primary nucleation of the metastable ?-glycine and the stable ?-glycine. Our nucleation experiments and in-depth data analyses enabled us to reveal that (NH₄)₂SO₄, NaCl and KNO₃, in general, promote ?-glycine primary nucleation very significantly while simultaneously inhibiting ?-glycine primary nucleation, thereby explaining why these three salts induce ?-glycine readily. In comparison, Ca(NO₃)₂ and MgSO₄ also promote ?-glycine and inhibit ?-glycine primary nucleation but not sufficiently to induce ?-glycine. More interestingly, Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ promote not only ?-glycine but also ?-glycine primary nucleation, which is unexpected and presents a rare case where a single additive promotes the nucleation of both polymorphs. As a result, the promoting effects of Na₂SO₄ and K₂SO₄ on ?-glycine do not enable ?-glycine nucleation to be more competitive than ?-glycine nucleation, with ?-glycine failing to appear. These observations help us to better understand salt-governed glycine polymorphic selectivity.

SUBMITTER: Han G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7919016 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Understanding the Salt-Dependent Outcome of Glycine Polymorphic Nucleation.

Han Guangjun G Chow Pui Shan PS Tan Reginald B H RBH

Pharmaceutics 20210215 2

The salt-dependent polymorphs of glycine crystals formed from bulk solutions have been a longstanding riddle. In this study, in order to shed fresh light, we studied the effects of seven common salts on primary nucleation of the metastable α-glycine and the stable γ-glycine. Our nucleation experiments and in-depth data analyses enabled us to reveal that (NH4)2SO4, NaCl and KNO3, in general, promote γ-glycine primary nucleation very significantly while ...[more]

PMID: 33671970

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Project description:BackgroundGlycine soja is a halophytic soybean native to saline soil in Yellow River Delta, China. Photosystem I (PSI) performance and the interaction between photosystem II (PSII) and PSI remain unclear in Glycine soja under salt stress. This study aimed to explore salt adaptability in Glycine soja in terms of photosystems coordination.ResultsPotted Glycine soja was exposed to 300 mM NaCl for 9 days with a cultivated soybean, Glycine max, as control. Under salt stress, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and PSI (△MR/MR0) were significantly decreased with the loss of PSI and PSII reaction center proteins in Glycine max, and greater PSI vulnerability was suggested by earlier decrease in △MR/MR0 than Fv/Fm and depressed PSI oxidation in modulated 820 nm reflection transients. Inversely, PSI stability was defined in Glycine soja, as △MR/MR0 and PSI reaction center protein abundance were not affected by salt stress. Consistently, chloroplast ultrastructure and leaf lipid peroxidation were not affected in Glycine soja under salt stress. Inhibition on electron flow at PSII acceptor side helped protect PSI by restricting electron flow to PSI and seemed as a positive response in Glycine soja due to its rapid recovery after salt stress. Reciprocally, PSI stability aided in preventing PSII photoinhibition, as the simulated feedback inhibition by PSI inactivation induced great decrease in Fv/Fm under salt stress. In contrast, PSI inactivation elevated PSII excitation pressure through inhibition on PSII acceptor side and accelerated PSII photoinhibition in Glycine max, according to the positive and negative correlation of △MR/MR0 with efficiency that an electron moves beyond primary quinone and PSII excitation pressure respectively.ConclusionTherefore, photosystems coordination depending on PSI stability and rapid response of PSII acceptor side contributed to defending salt-induced oxidative stress on photosynthetic apparatus in Glycine soja. Photosystems interaction should be considered as one of the salt adaptable mechanisms in this halophytic soybean.

Dataset Information

Understanding the Salt-Dependent Outcome of Glycine Polymorphic Nucleation.

Publications

Understanding the Salt-Dependent Outcome of Glycine Polymorphic Nucleation.

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