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Treatment of Manure and Digestate Liquid Fractions Using Membranes: Opportunities and Challenges.

ABSTRACT: Manure and digestate liquid fractions are nutrient-rich effluents that can be fractionated and concentrated using membranes. However, these membranes tend to foul due to organic matter, solids, colloids, and inorganic compounds including calcium, ammonium, sodium, sulfur, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium contained in the feed. This review paper is intended as a theoretical and practical tool for the decision-making process during design of membrane-based systems aiming at processing manure liquid fractions. Firstly, this review paper gives an overview of the main physico-chemical characteristics of manure and digestates. Furthermore, solid-liquid separation technologies are described and the complexity of the physico-chemical variables affecting the separation process is discussed. The main factors influencing membrane fouling mechanisms, morphology and characteristics are described, as well as techniques covering membrane inspection and foulant analysis. Secondly, the effects of the feed characteristics, membrane operating conditions (pressure, cross-flow velocity, temperature), pH, flocculation-coagulation and membrane cleaning on fouling and membrane performance are presented. Finally, a summary of techniques for specific recovery of ammonia-nitrogen, phosphorus and removal of heavy metals for farm effluents is also presented.

SUBMITTER: Camilleri-Rumbau MS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8002686 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Wood bottom and fly ashes were added to the anaerobic digestate using sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, and lactic acids, as pH conditioners and sorption activating agents. Minimum (pH of zero-point charge), mild, and severe acidification of the samples were tested. The solid-liquid separation achieved was accounted visually and with the measurement of the masses of water-soluble extract and water-insoluble material isolated. The average mass of the blend was 36.61 ± 0.68 g, including the extractant agent that was prepared with the commercial acids and ultrapure milli-QⓇ water. During the 144-h incubation of the mixtures at 20 °C and 0.17 x g, the shares of the solid and liquid were determined by centrifugation of the destructive samples at 3,130.40 x g for 5 minutes and 3-µm filtration of the supernatant. Before weighing the water-insoluble material, both the pellet that remained in the tube and the filter cake were dried at 70 °C until reaching constant weight. There was a significant increase in the amount of water-insoluble phase of the wood bottom ash due to the activation with lactic and sulfuric acids. The treatment of the wood fly ash and the agrowaste digestate with the hydrochloric acid showed an increase in the formation of water-soluble extract, in direct relation with the acidic pH of the blend. The characterization of the pH of the WS extract was performed with a Mettler ToledoⓇ Seven CompactTM S220 pH/Ion meter. The conditions of this process can be further optimized and each of the fractions can be characterized, in terms of nutrient content, to confirm the efficiency of the separation. More complex and ambitious processes can be designed for combining the wood ash and the anaerobic digestate. The performance of this treatment involving wood ashes and commercial acids can be extrapolated to other type of organic manures with a moisture content of approximately 95%, to improve their management in terms of reducing the cost of storage and transportation for land application below £5 per tonne.

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Treatment of Manure and Digestate Liquid Fractions Using Membranes: Opportunities and Challenges.

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