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Modelling the Extraction of Pectin towards the Valorisation of Watermelon Rind Waste.

ABSTRACT: Watermelon is the second largest fruit crop worldwide, with great potential to valorise its rind waste. An experimental design was used to model how extraction parameters (temperature, pH, and time) impact on the efficiency of the process, purity, esterification degree, monosaccharide composition and molar mass of watermelon rind pectin (WRP), with an insight on changes in their structural properties (linearity, branching degree and extraction severity). The models for all responses were accurately fitted (R² > 90%, lack of fit p ≥ 0.05) and experimentally validated. At optimum yield conditions, WRP yield (13.4%), purity (540 µg/g galacturonic acid) and molar mass (106.1 kDa) were comparable to traditional pectin sources but showed a higher branching degree with longer galactan side chains and a higher protein interaction. Harsher conditions (pH 1) generated purer homogalacturonan fractions with average molar masses (80 kDa) at the expense of yield, while mild extraction conditions (pH ≥ 2) produced highly branched entangled pectin structures. This study underlines novel compositional features in WRP and the possibility of producing novel customized pectin ingredients with a wider potential application scope depending on the targeted structure.

SUBMITTER: Mendez DA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8066451 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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watermelon fruit rind

Project description:watermelon fruit rind Raw sequence reads

| PRJNA719710 | ENA

Assessing Green Methods for Pectin Extraction from Waste Orange Peels.

Project description:In this work, we assess three different methods for the extraction of pectin from waste orange peels, using water as extracting solvent. "Hot-water", Rapid Solid Liquid Dynamic (RSLD) and microwave-assisted extractions have been compared and evaluated in terms of amount and quality of extracted pectin, as well as embodied energy. This analysis provides useful guidelines for pectin production from food waste according to green procedures, enabling the identification of acidic "hot-water" as the most sustainable extraction route.

| S-EPMC8004147 | biostudies-literature

From Fruit Waste to Medical Insight: The Comprehensive Role of Watermelon Rind Extract on Renal Adenocarcinoma Cellular and Transcriptomic Dynamics.

Project description:Cancer researchers are fascinated by the chemistry of diverse natural products that show exciting potential as anticancer agents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anticancer properties of watermelon rind extract (WRE) by examining its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and global gene expression in human renal cell adenocarcinoma cells (HRAC-769-P) in vitro. Our metabolome data analysis of WRE exhibited untargeted phyto-constituents and targeted citrulline (22.29 µg/mg). HRAC-769-P cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 media and treated with 22.4, 44.8, 67.2, 88.6, 112, 134.4, and 156.8 mg·mL-1 for 24, 48, and 72 h. At 24 h after treatment, (88.6 mg·mL-1 of WRE) cell proliferation significantly reduced, more than 34% compared with the control. Cell viability decreased 48 and 72 h after treatment to 45% and 37%, respectively. We also examined poly caspase, SA-beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal), and wound healing activities using WRE. All treatments induced an early poly caspase response and a significant reduction in cell migration. Further, we analyzed the transcript profile of the cells grown at 44.8 mg·mL-1 of WRE after 6 h using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis. We identified 186 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 149 upregulated genes and 37 downregulated genes, in cells treated with WRE compared with the control. The differentially expressed genes were associated with NF-Kappa B signaling and TNF pathways. Crucial apoptosis-related genes such as BMF, NPTX1, NFKBIA, NFKBIE, and NFKBID might induce intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. Another possible mechanism is a high quantity of citrulline may lead to induction of apoptosis by the production of increased nitric oxide. Hence, our study suggests the potential anticancer properties of WRE and provides insights into its effects on cellular processes and gene expression in HRAC-769-P cells.

| S-EPMC10647773 | biostudies-literature

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights Into Yellow Rind Formation and Preliminary Mapping of the Clyr (Yellow Rind) Gene in Watermelon.

Project description:As an important appearance trait, the rind color of watermelon fruit affects the commodity value and further determines consumption choices. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted to elucidate the genes and pathways involved in the formation of yellow rind fruit in watermelon using a yellow rind inbred line WT4 and a green rind inbred line WM102. A total of 2,362 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between WT4 and WM102 at three different stages (0, 7, and 14 DAP) were identified and 9,770 DEGs were obtained by comparing the expression level at 7 DAP and 14 DAP with the former stages of WT4. The function enrichment of DEGs revealed a number of pathways and terms in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions that were related to plant pigment metabolism, suggesting that there may be a group of common core genes regulating rind color formation. In addition, next-generation sequencing aided bulked-segregant analysis (BSA-seq) of the yellow rind pool and green rind pool selected from an F2 population revealed that the yellow rind gene (Clyr) was mapped on the top end of chromosome 4. Based on the BSA-seq analysis result, Clyr was further confined to a region of 91.42 kb by linkage analysis using 1,106 F2 plants. These results will aid in identifying the key genes and pathways associated with yellow rind formation and elucidating the molecular mechanism of rind color formation in watermelon.

| S-EPMC7078170 | biostudies-literature

Comparisons of pulsed ultrasound-assisted and hot-acid extraction methods for pectin extraction under dual acid mixtures from onion (Allium cepa L.) waste.

Project description:The aim of this study is to compare the physicochemical properties and yields of pectins extracted from onion waste under hot acid (HAE) and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE) methods using different organic-inorganic acids, their mixtures, and pure water. The extraction temperature for experiments carried out under HAE was kept at 90°C for 90 min, whereas PUAE experiments were accomplished at RT in 15 min. In general, HAE gave better pectin yields compared with PUAE due to the significance of the increasing extraction temperature for the release of pectin from the plant matrix. While the maximum pectin yield from onion waste was 16.22% for HAE, the highest yield for PUAE was 9.83%. PUAE provides less time- and energy-consuming extraction of pectin within 15 min and thus seems to be more economic compared with the HAE. According to the physicochemical properties (equivalent weight (EW), degree of esterification (DE), methoxyl (MeO), and galacturonic acid (Gal-A) contents) of obtained pectins, extracted pectins were mostly high methoxy pectin. While the DE and MeO values of pectins extracted in organic acid conditions under HAE were higher, these values were found to be higher for pectins extracted in inorganic acids under PUAE. For acid mixtures, the DE and MeO values of pectins under HAE were mostly found to be lower than those under PUAE. Sequential PUAE and HAE methods for the extraction of pectin from onion waste were also found to be useful in terms of obtaining higher yields and better physicochemical properties. The highest pectin yield was 20.32% for the sequential PUAE and HAE methods. FT-IR analyses of the extracted pectins by both HAE and PUAE methods showed similar vibration bands compared with those of commercial citrus pectin.

| S-EPMC10630788 | biostudies-literature

QTL mapping identifies novel loci and putative candidate genes for rind traits in watermelon.

Project description:Rind color and pattern are important external fruit quality traits of watermelon influencing the consumer attention and market acceptance. Varying degrees of green and yellow colors in different combinations forming distinct patterns have been observed on watermelon rind. In the current experiment, an attempt has been made to map the QTLs/genes for four important rind traits, namely, stripe color, stripe pattern, interstripe color, and interstripe pattern. The experiment consisted of two mapping populations namely F2 (Pop I) and BC1F2 (Pop II) derived from two parental lines, viz., BIL-53 (characterized by medium green marbled rind pattern and yellowish white blotchy interstripe pattern) and IIHR-140-152 (characterized by dark green solid stripes and greenish wavy interstripe pattern). Linkage mapping identified consistent QTLs across populations on chromosome 9. Comparative genomic analysis of these regions revealed two genes, namely, Cla97C09G175170 and Cla97C09G175150 as potential candidates for stripe and interstripe color. Sequence analysis of Cla97C09G175170 gene in parents along with reference genotypes, viz., 97,103 and Charleston gray suggests a 3 bp deletion on 11th exon to be associated with stripe color polymorphism in watermelon.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03112-7.

| S-EPMC8782950 | biostudies-literature

Data showing the optimal conditions of pre-extraction and extraction of <i>Citrullus lanatus</i> (watermelon) white rind to increase the amount of bioactive compounds, DPPH radical scavenging and anti-tyrosinase activity.

Project description:In this data article, we examined some of those factors such as the effect of fresh, frozen and hot air-dried sample, pH and polarity of solvent by ultrasound-assisted extraction, as a "Green Extraction" technique, to find optimal conditions for increasing the amount of total phenolic and amino acid contents from watermelon rind. Then, we considered the DPPH radical scavenging and anti-tyrosinase activity of the extracts and their association with the amount of the phenolic and amino acid contents in the samples. The obtained data were analyzed one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test and Graph Pad Prism 6 (P < 0.05). Our findings revealed one of the appropriate pre-extraction and extraction conditions of watermelon white rind to achieve more antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects. In addition, our data show the value of watermelon white rind as inexpensive, safe whitening and anti-browning agent, which can be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products.

| S-EPMC6157608 | biostudies-literature

Bacterial chemotaxis towards polysaccharide pectin by pectin-binding protein.

Project description:As opposed to typical bacteria exhibiting chemotaxis towards low-molecular-weight substances, such as amino acids and mono/oligosaccharides, gram-negative Sphingomonas sp. strain A1 shows chemotaxis towards alginate and pectin polysaccharides. To identify the mechanism of chemotaxis towards macromolecules, a genomic fragment was isolated from the wild-type strain A1 through complementation with the mutant strain A1-M5 lacking chemotaxis towards pectin. This fragment contained several genes including sph1118. Through whole-genome sequencing of strain A1-M5, sph1118 was found to harbour a mutation. In fact, sph1118 disruptant lost chemotaxis towards pectin, and this deficiency was recovered by complementation with wild-type sph1118. Interestingly, the gene disruptant also exhibited decreased pectin assimilation. Furthermore, the gene product SPH1118 was expressed in recombinant E. coli cells, purified and characterised. Differential scanning fluorimetry and UV absorption spectroscopy revealed that SPH1118 specifically binds to pectin with a dissociation constant of 8.5??M. Using binding assay and primary structure analysis, SPH1118 was predicted to be a periplasmic pectin-binding protein associated with an ATP-binding cassette transporter. This is the first report on the identification and characterisation of a protein triggering chemotaxis towards the macromolecule pectin as well as its assimilation.

| S-EPMC7055323 | biostudies-literature

Catalytic tandem dehydrochlorination–hydrogenation of PVC towards valorisation of chlorinated plastic waste† † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3sc00945a

Project description:Chemical treatment of end-of-life PVC at high temperature often results in the formation of polyacetylene and eventually aromatic char. These insoluble conjugated polymers lead to industrial reactor blockages, and limit the efficiency in recycling chlorinated plastic waste. To address this challenge, a solvent-based tandem dehydrochlorination–hydrogenation process is proposed for the conversion of PVC to a saturated polymer backbone. When combining tetrabutylphosphonium ionic liquids and homogeneous Rh catalysts under H2 pressure, 81% dehydrochlorination is reached in 2 h, with the hydrogenation proceeding smoothly with minimal catalyst use of 0.5–2.0 mol% Rh. This process for PVC dechlorination yields soluble products that lack aromatics, have high degrees of dechlorination and possess a tunable content of double bonds. The chemical structures of the partially unsaturated polymer products and of the different structural motifs in the product are accurately monitored by a liquid 1H-NMR method. Finally, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) sheds light on the catalytic Rh species during the tandem process, which are stabilized by the ionic liquid. This tandem process enables rapid PVC conversion to a saturated organic product, with polyethylene segments giving the opportunity for ensuing recycling steps. Solvent-based tandem conversion of PVC to PE-like material using hydrogen as atom economic reagent.

| S-EPMC10132168 | biostudies-literature

Environmental impact assessment of rice mill waste valorisation to glucose through biorefinery platform.

Project description:Environmental impact assessment of glucose production from paddy milling waste, known as empty and partially filled paddy grain (EPFG) in Malaysia, was performed using life cycle assessment (LCA). Three scenarios were conducted based on system expansion of the process. The LCA was conducted using ReCiPe methodology at midpoint and endpoint levels. The results indicate that enzymatic hydrolysis phase is the hotspot in the conversion system due to enzyme production. In addition, the agriculture phase also contributed to negative impacts, especially towards climate change. An improved environmental load was observed in scenario 2 when all EPFG fractionation was utilised to replace fossil-based electricity. Sensitivity analysis showed an increase in glucose yield leads to reduced environmental impact. Thus, the LCA study suggests that the conversion process of EPFG could further benefit and improve the paddy industry waste management with low impact contribution to the environment compared to other feedstock used for glucose production.

| S-EPMC10484976 | biostudies-literature

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