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The association between white matter changes and development of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: A case-control study.

ABSTRACT:

Abstract

Disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) in patients with ischemic stroke plays a critical role in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMI) development.Cerebral white matter changes (WMC), particularly in the deep subcortical area or in severe one, may be also underlain by disrupted BBB. It is unclear whether the presence of WMC with potential premorbid disruption of BBB makes patients susceptible to MMI. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify any putative relationship between the MMI and WMC in terms of their severity and locations.In this case-control study, patients with infarction in the middle cerebral artery territory were retrospectively reviewed. Brain magnetic resonance images were analyzed according to Fazekas scale, and identified WMC were divided into periventricular WMC (PV-WMC) and deep subcortical WMC (deep-WMC). Patients were scored as having WMC, PV-WMC, deep-WMC, severe PV-WMC, and severe deep-WMC according to the severity and locations. Patients were defined as having MMI if either a progressive conscious disturbance or signs of uncal herniation was recorded in combination with a midline shift >5 mm identified on the follow-up computed tomography.Among 297 patients admitted between July 2009 and February 2015, 92 patients were eligible for final analysis. Compared to patients without MMI, patients with MMI had a higher score of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, a larger infarct volume, and an increasingly greater proportion of severe PV-WMC, deep-WMC, and severe deep-WMC, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age, infarct volume, and history of hypertension, severe deep-WMC (odds ratio [OR] = 6.362, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.444-28.023, P = .0144) and severe PV-WMC (odds ratio = 5.608, 95% confidence interval = 1.107-28.399, P = .0372) were significantly associated with MMI development.MMI and WMC are significantly associated such that MMI development is more likely when PV-WMC or deep-WMC is more severe. We hypothesize that Fazekas scale-defined severe deep-WMC and PV-WMC may be considered as clinically approachable predictors of MMI development. These findings support that the WMC with potential premorbid disrupted BBB may make patients susceptible to MMI, and further prospective study should be conducted to clarify this hypothesis.

SUBMITTER: Wu MN

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8084049 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Introduction Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DCE) is routinely performed for intracranial pressure control after malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. Decompressed patients are at risk of traumatic brain injury and the syndrome of the trephined until cranioplasty. Cranioplasty after DCE is itself associated with high complication rates. Single-stage surgical strategies may eliminate the need for follow-up surgery while allowing for safe brain expansion and protection from environmental factors. Research question Assess the volume needed for safe expansion of the brain to enable single-stage surgery. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective radiological and volumetric analysis of all patients that had DCE in our clinic between January 2009 and December 2018 and met inclusion criteria. We investigated prognostic parameters in perioperative imaging and assessed clinical outcome. Results Of 86 patients with DCE, 44 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median brain swelling was 75.35 mL (8.7–151.2 mL). Median bone flap volume was 113.3 mL (73.34–146.1 mL). Median brain swelling was 1.62 mm below the previous outer rim of the skull (5.3 mm to –2.19 mm). In 79.6% of the patients, the volume of removed bone alone was equivalent to or larger than the additional intracranial volume needed for brain swelling. Discussion and conclusion The space provided by removal of the bone alone was sufficient to match the expansion of the injured brain after malignant MCA infarction in the vast majority of our patients A subgaleal space-expanding flap with a minimal offset can provide protection from trauma and atmospheric pressure without compromising brain expansion. Highlights • Volume augmentation of the swollen brain is smaller than the volume of removed bone in 79.6% of cases.• An additional Volume of about 50 mL would have provided adequate space for the swollen brain in all cases.• Maximum modeled brain swelling outside of the previous skull limit is 2.19 mm.

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The association between white matter changes and development of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: A case-control study.

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