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Histone Sample Preparation for Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry: A Roadmap to Informed Decisions.

ABSTRACT: Histone-based chromatin organization enabled eukaryotic genome complexity. This epigenetic control mechanism allowed for the differentiation of stable gene-expression and thus the very existence of multicellular organisms. This existential role in biology makes histones one of the most complexly modified molecules in the biotic world, which makes these key regulators notoriously hard to analyze. We here provide a roadmap to enable fast and informed selection of a bottom-up mass spectrometry sample preparation protocol that matches a specific research question. We therefore propose a two-step assessment procedure: (i) visualization of the coverage that is attained for a given workflow and (ii) direct alignment between runs to assess potential pitfalls at the ion level. To illustrate the applicability, we compare four different sample preparation protocols while adding a new enzyme to the toolbox, i.e., RgpB (GingisREX^®, Genovis, Lund, Sweden), an endoproteinase that selectively and efficiently cleaves at the c-terminal end of arginine residues. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024423.

SUBMITTER: Daled S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8167631 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:we aimed to provide an objective roadmap for histone sample preparation wherein the most notable findings and most important metrics were highlighted. This roadmap included a Histone Coverage Tool that allows researchers to make a snapshot of public or in-house data in search of a protocol that suits their specific needs. However, despite the fact that the coverage provided by a sample preparation workflow is pivotal to answer specific research questions, it should be noted that other metrics such as enzyme specificity and workflow variability can be equally important. Moreover, when it comes to histone sample preparation there are multiple additional challenges and pitfalls compared to regular bottom-up proteomics workflows. First there is the abundance and unequal distribution of arginine and lysine cleavage sites, which makes it virtually impossible to cover the entire histone code with a single bottom-up workflow. The most widely spread workaround for the abundance of cleavage sites is derivatization of lysine residues used to block tryptic digest and create longer peptides. However, this also introduces chemical noise, which obscures biological PTMs, while lowering sensitivity due to diluted signal. The most obvious alternative is an arginine specific digest. However, on the one hand, derivatization of lysine residues not only increases peptide length but also increases retention on the LC-system, while decreasing charge state distribution of the precursor ions. The latter presumably reduces instrumental variation of the workflow, which is remarkable since this source of variation is generally assumed to be constant in the field of LC-MS/MS based proteomics. On the other hand, lysine derivatization also increases the singly charged precursor fraction, which is usually not fragmented in regular data dependent acquisitions, thus increasing the risk of losing annotations. It is clear that not one histone sample preparation workflow will fit all research questions. However, we hope that this manuscript will guide researchers in making informed decisions about the many pitfalls and trade-offs involved in optimizing or assessing histone sample preparation workflows.

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Histone Sample Preparation for Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry: A Roadmap to Informed Decisions.

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