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Effects of Vitamin D₂ and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₂ Supplementation on Plasma Vitamin D Epimeric Metabolites in Adult Cats.

ABSTRACT: Feline vitamin D status is based on dietary consumption but metabolism of this essential nutrient and the efficacy of supplementation forms are poorly described in cats. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the metabolites of vitamin D₂ in cats and to compare the effectiveness of vitamin D₂ and 25(OH)D₂ for increasing feline vitamin D status. Eight adult male castrated domestic shorthair cats received vitamin D₂ or 25(OH)D₂ in a single crossover design. Vitamin D₂ was dosed daily in a molar equivalent dosage to vitamin D₃ ingested in the diet while 25(OH)D₂ was provided at a daily dose of 20% molar equivalent intake of dietary vitamin D₃ based on its expected higher potency. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D epimers were evaluated at baseline then every 2 weeks for a total of 10 weeks. Analysis of multiple vitamin D metabolite concentrations was completed at the end of each supplementation period, followed by a washout period preceding the second phase of the crossover trial. Results showed that supplementation with 25(OH)D₂ more effectively and rapidly raised circulating 25(OH)D₂ levels in cat plasma compared to vitamin D₂. Formation of C-3 epimers of 25(OH)D₃, 25(OH)D₂, and 24,25R(OH)₂D₃, but not 24,25(OH)₂D₂, were observed in feline plasma. The abundant concentrations of epimeric forms of vitamin D metabolites found in circulation suggest that these metabolites should be considered during vitamin D analyses in cats. Further studies using 25(OH)D and vitamin D₂ forms are needed to conclude safety and efficacy of these vitamers for supplementation in this species.

SUBMITTER: Ruggiero CE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8215352 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:ObjectivesHigh-dose vitamin D3 increases plasma total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in critically ill, ventilated patients; however, to our knowledge, the effect on plasma levels of free (nonprotein-bound) 25(OH)D has not been investigated in critical illness. Moreover, the relationship of free 25(OH)D and the regulation of endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) remains unknown. The aims of this study were to determine in critically ill adults with respiratory failure the effect of previous high-dose regimens of vitamin D3 on free 25(OH)D concentrations, the relationship of free 25(OH)D with circulating cathelicidin (LL-37) and human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2), and the associations between plasma levels of free 25(OH)D and these AMPs to alveolar macrophage phagocytosis function.MethodsIn a double blind, randomized controlled trial, critically ill ventilator-dependent adults (N = 30) received enteral vitamin D3 (250,000 or 500,000 IU total over 5 d) or placebo. Plasma was obtained serially for concentrations of free 25(OH)D, LL-37, hBD-2, and expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP18) mRNA. Total 25(OH)D and LL-37 concentrations and alveolar macrophage phagocytosis were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.ResultsPlasma concentrations of free 25(OH)D over time were correlated with total 25(OH)D levels (r= 0.82; P < 0.001). The increase in free 25(OH)D was greater with the 500 000 IU vitamin D3 dose than with the lower dose. The percent change in mRNA expression of hCAP18 was positively associated with percent change in free 25(OH)D at days 7 and 14 (ρ = 0.48; P = 0.04 and ρ = 0.59; P = 0.03, respectively). Additionally, plasma LL-37 levels correlated with the percentage of alveolar macrophages exhibiting phagocytosis (ρ = 0.51; P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe present study found a dose-related increase in plasma free-25(OH)D levels, which was associated with increasing circulating mRNA expression of hCAP18 over time. There were no correlations between changes in total and free 25(OH)D against plasma LL-37 and hBD-2 concentrations. Larger studies appear warranted to determine the impact of high-dose vitamin D3 administration on endogenous AMPs.

Project description:BackgroundVitamin D status has been associated with the presence and severity of several premenstrual symptoms (PMSx) in some, but not all studies. Inconsistencies among findings may be explained by unaccounted genetic variation in the vitamin D receptor (VDR).ObjectiveTo determine whether associations between vitamin D status and individual PMSx are influenced by VDR genotype.MethodsSeven hundred sixteen women aged 20-29 years old from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health study provided plasma samples and completed a questionnaire on the presence and severity of 15 common PMSx. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was measured and participants were categorized into sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L) and insufficient (< 50 nmol/L) vitamin D status groups. DNA was obtained from blood samples to genotype for a common VDR single nucleotide variant, rs796858. Using logistic regression, odds of experiencing PMSx were compared between vitamin D-sufficient and insufficient women, stratified by genotype.ResultsAmong CC homozygotes, insufficient vitamin D status was associated with higher odds of experiencing premenstrual fatigue (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.40, 4.56) and nausea (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.00, 5.95). Among TT homozygotes, insufficient vitamin D status was associated with lower odds of experiencing fatigue (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.20, 0.97) and increased appetite (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.22, 1.04). Insufficient vitamin D status was associated with higher odds of increased appetite in women with the CT genotype (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.03, 3.07). VDR genotype modified the association between vitamin D status and the following PMSx: increased appetite (interaction p = 0.027), fatigue (interaction p = 0.016), and nausea (interaction p = 0.039).ConclusionWe found evidence that VDR genotype may modify the association between 25(OH)D and some PMSx. Insufficient 25(OH)D was associated with a higher risk of premenstrual fatigue in those with the CC genotype, but lower risk in those with the TT genotype.

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Effects of Vitamin D₂ and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₂ Supplementation on Plasma Vitamin D Epimeric Metabolites in Adult Cats.

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Effects of Vitamin D₂ and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₂ Supplementation on Plasma Vitamin D Epimeric Metabolites in Adult Cats.