C-Rel Is Required for IL-33-Dependent Activation of ILC2s.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zaini A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8236704 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) are the primary source of interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-13 during type 2 (allergic) inflammation in the lung. In Th2 cells, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling activates the transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) to induce type 2 cytokines. ILC2s lack a TCR and respond instead to locally produced cytokines such as IL-33. Although IL-33 induces AP-1 and NF-κB, NFAT signaling has not been described in ILC2s. In this study, we report a nonredundant NFAT-dependent role for lipid-derived leukotrienes (LTs) in the activation of lung ILC2s. Using cytokine reporter and LT-deficient mice, we find that complete disruption of LT signaling markedly diminishes ILC2 activation and downstream responses during type 2 inflammation. Type 2 responses are equivalently attenuated in IL-33- and LT-deficient mice, and optimal ILC2 activation reflects potent synergy between these pathways. These findings expand our understanding of ILC2 regulation and may have important implications for the treatment of airways disease.
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Project description:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare but serious disease with poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we report that patients with EGPA have elevated levels of TSLP, IL-25, and soluble ST2, which are well-characterized cytokine "alarmins" that activate or modulate type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Patients with active EGPA have a concurrent reduction in circulating ILC2s, suggesting a role for ILC2s in the pathogenesis of this disease. To explore the mechanism of these findings in patients, we established a model of EGPA in which active vasculitis and pulmonary hemorrhage were induced by IL-33 administration in predisposed, hypereosinophilic mice. In this model, induction of pulmonary hemorrhage and vasculitis was dependent on ILC2s and signaling through IL4Rα. In the absence of IL4Rα or STAT6, IL-33-treated mice had less vascular leak and pulmonary edema, less endothelial activation, and reduced eotaxin production, cumulatively leading to a reduction of pathologic eosinophil migration into the lung parenchyma. These results offer a mouse model for use in future mechanistic studies of EGPA, and they suggest that IL-33, ILC2s, and IL4Rα signaling may be potential targets for further study and therapeutic targeting in patients with EGPA.
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Project description:Background: Eosinophils develop from CD34+ progenitor cells in the bone marrow under the influence of interleukin (IL)-5. Several cell types produce IL-5, including type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The alarmin cytokine IL-33 is known to activate ILC2s in mucosal tissues, but little is known about IL-33-responsive ILC2s in the bone marrow in allergen-induced airway inflammation. Methods: Wild type (WT) and Rag1 deficient (Rag1 -/-) mice, which lack mature T and B cells, received intranasal doses of papain to induce acute allergic inflammation. In some experiments, mice were pre-treated with anti-IL-5 prior to the papain challenge. Furthermore, recombinant IL-33 was administered to WT mice, Rag1 -/- mice, lymphocyte deficient mice (Rag2 -/- Il2rg -/-) and to ex vivo whole bone marrow cultures. Bone marrow eosinophils and ILC2s were analyzed by flow cytometry. Eosinophil count was assessed by differential cell count and secreted IL-5 from bone marrow cells by ELISA. Results: Intranasal administration of papain or IL-33 increased the number of mature eosinophils in the bone marrow despite the absence of adaptive immune cells in Rag1 -/- mice. In parallel, an increased number of eosinophils was observed in the airways together with elevated levels of Eotaxin-2/CCL24. Bone marrow ILC2s were increased after papain or IL-33 administration, whereas ILC2s was found to be increased at baseline in Rag1 -/- mice compared to WT mice. An upregulation of the IL-33 receptor (ST2) expression on bone marrow ILC2s was observed after papain challenge in both Rag1 -/- and WT mice which correlated to increased number of bone marrow eosinophilia. Furthermore, an increased number of ST2+ mature eosinophils in the bone marrow was observed after papain challenge, which was further dependent on IL-5. In addition, bone marrow-derived ILC2s from both mouse strains produced large amounts of IL-5 ex vivo after IL-33 stimulation of whole bone marrow cultures. In contrast, IL-33-induced bone marrow and airway eosinophilia were abolished in the absence of ILC2s in Rag2 -/- Il2rg -/- mice and no production of IL-5 was detected in IL-33-stimulated bone marrow cultures. Conclusion: These findings establish bone marrow ILC2s and the IL-33/ST2 axis as promising targets for modulation of uncontrolled IL-5-dependent eosinophilic diseases including asthma.
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Project description:The epithelial cell derived cytokines IL-25 and IL-33 can both activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). It is not known whether the actions of these cytokines on ILC2s are similar or divergent. To investigate this we performed in vitro culture of human ILC2s with a variety of cytokine combinations including IL-2, IL-7, IL-25 and IL-33. Transcriptome profiling of these different condtions allowed us to assess the impact on gene expression of the different treatments. The results show that IL-25 and IL-33 promote divergent gene expression programs indicating that differential expression of these cytokines can cause diverse ILC2 effector function.
2017-08-01 | GSE72433 | GEO
Project description:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and their adaptive counterpart type 2 T helper (TH2) cells respond to interleukin-33 (IL-33) by producing IL-5, which is a crucial cytokine for eosinophil development in the bone marrow. The aim of this study was to determine if bone marrow ILC2s, TH cells, and eosinophils are locally regulated by IL-33 in terms of number and activation upon exposure to the common aeroallergen house dust mite (HDM). Mice that were sensitized and challenged with HDM by intranasal exposures induced eosinophil development in the bone marrow with an initial increase of IL5R?+ eosinophil progenitors, following elevated numbers of mature eosinophils and the induction of airway eosinophilia. Bone marrow ILC2s, TH2, and eosinophils all responded to HDM challenge by increased IL-33 receptor (ST2) expression. However, only ILC2s, but not TH cells, revealed increased ST2 expression at the onset of eosinophil development, which significantly correlated with the number of eosinophil progenitors. In summary, our findings suggest that airway allergen challenges with HDM activates IL-33-responsive ILC2s, TH cells, and eosinophils locally in the bone marrow. Targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis in allergic diseases including asthma may be beneficial by decreasing eosinophil production in the bone marrow.
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Project description:Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a rapid source of type 2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13, and play an important role in orchestrating type 2 immune response. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside, a catabolite of ATP that binds and activates ≥1 of 4 transmembrane G protein-coupled cell-surface adenosine receptors (ARs)-A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Here, we studied the role of ARs in the regulation of cytokine production by ILC2s. We found that A2BARs suppress the production of both IL-5 and IL-13 by ILC2s, whereas A2AARs augment IL-5 production and fail to affect IL-13 release. Combined stimulation of all ARs led to the suppression of both IL-5 and IL-13 production, which indicated that A2BARs dominate A2AARs. Both pre- and post-transcriptional processes may be involved in the AR modulation of ILC2 IL-5 and IL-13 production. Thus, we identify adenosine as a novel negative regulator of ILC2 activation.-Csóka, B., Németh, Z. H., Duerr, C. U., Fritz, J. H., Pacher, P., Haskó, G. Adenosine receptors differentially regulate type 2 cytokine production by IL-33-activated bone marrow cells, ILC2s, and macrophages.
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Project description:Hypervirulent epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), referred to as NAPI/027, express an additional virulence factor, binary toxin (CDT), and are associated with more severe disease. Emerging evidence indicates gut immunity to C. difficile is a delicate balance between protection and pathology. To identify potential therapeutic host immune targets, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of host genes altered by NAPI/027 infection and identified interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a candidate immune target. Using a murine model, we show that both endogenous IL-33 and exogenous IL-33 treatment protect from the enhanced mortality, weight-loss and tissue pathology which is characteristic of hypervirulent C. difficile. IL-33 mediated protection was elicited through type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and adoptive transfer of purified ILC2s was sufficient to mitigate CDI- associated mortality and weight-loss. Furthermore, dysregulated IL-33 signaling via the soluble IL-33 decoy receptor (sST2) predicted disease severity and mortality in human patients. Lastly, colonic IL-33 expression appears to be regulated by the microbiota as antibiotic- depletion of IL-33 was rescued with mouse fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) and a human fecal spore preparation (HSP). Thus, IL-33 signaling is a novel therapeutic pathway for severe CDI which can potentially be targeted with rationally designed microbial therapies.
2019-05-09 | GSE122013 | GEO
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Project description:Endothelial cells (EC) are the main target for Orientia tsutsugamushi infection and EC dysfunction is a hallmark of severe scrub typhus in patients. However, the molecular basis of EC dysfunction and its impact on infection outcome are poorly understood. We found that C57BL/6 mice that received a lethal dose of O. tsutsugamushi Karp strain had a significant increase in the expression of IL-33 and its receptor ST2L in the kidneys and liver, but a rapid reduction of IL-33 in the lungs. We also found exacerbated EC stress and activation in the kidneys of infected mice, as evidenced by elevated angiopoietin (Ang) 2/Ang1 ratio, increased endothelin 1 (ET-1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. Such responses were significantly attenuated in the IL-33-/- mice. Importantly, IL-33-/- mice also had markedly attenuated disease due to reduced EC stress and cellular apoptosis. To confirm the biological role of IL-33, we challenged wild-type (WT) mice with a sub-lethal dose of O. tsutsugamushi and gave mice recombinant IL-33 (rIL-33) every 2 days for 10 days. Exogenous IL-33 significantly increased disease severity and lethality, which correlated with increased EC stress and activation, increased CXCL1 and CXCL2 chemokines, but decreased anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 in the kidneys. To further examine the role of EC stress, we infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. We found an infection dose-dependent increase in the expression of IL-33, ST2L soluble ST2 (sST2), and the Ang2/Ang1 ratio at 24 and 48 hours post-infection. This study indicates a pathogenic role of alarmin IL-33 in a murine model of scrub typhus and highlights infection-triggered EC damage and IL-33-mediated pathological changes during the course of Orientia infection.
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