Ontology of the apelinergic system in mouse pancreas during pregnancy and relationship with β-cell mass.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Strutt B
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8322410 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:During pregnancy, the energy requirements of the fetus impose changes in maternal metabolism. Increasing insulin resistance in the mother maintains nutrient flow to the growing fetus, whereas prolactin and placental lactogen counterbalance this resistance and prevent maternal hyperglycemia by driving expansion of the maternal population of insulin-producing beta cells. However, the exact mechanisms by which the lactogenic hormones drive beta cell expansion remain uncertain. Here we show that serotonin acts downstream of lactogen signaling to stimulate beta cell proliferation. Expression of serotonin synthetic enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (Tph1) and serotonin production rose sharply in beta cells during pregnancy or after treatment with lactogens in vitro. Inhibition of serotonin synthesis by dietary tryptophan restriction or Tph inhibition blocked beta cell expansion and induced glucose intolerance in pregnant mice without affecting insulin sensitivity. Expression of the G alpha(q)-linked serotonin receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor-2b (Htr2b) in maternal islets increased during pregnancy and normalized just before parturition, whereas expression of the G alpha(i)-linked receptor Htr1d increased at the end of pregnancy and postpartum. Blocking Htr2b signaling in pregnant mice also blocked beta cell expansion and caused glucose intolerance. These studies reveal an integrated signaling pathway linking beta cell mass to anticipated insulin need during pregnancy. Modulators of this pathway, including medications and diet, may affect the risk of gestational diabetes.
| S-EPMC2921604 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
| S-EPMC5821487 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pregnancy is associated with increased β-cell proliferation driven by prolactin. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are the most abundant RNA species in the mammalian genome, yet, their functional importance is mainly elusive.Aims/hypothesisThis study tests the hypothesis that lncRNAs regulate β-cell proliferation in response to prolactin in the context of β-cell mass compensation in pregnancy.MethodsThe expression profile of lncRNAs in mouse islets at day 14.5 of pregnancy was explored by a bioinformatics approach, further confirmed by quantitative PCR at different days of pregnancy, and islet specificity was evaluated by comparing expression in islets versus other tissues. In order to establish the role of the candidate lncRNAs we studied cell proliferation in mouse islets and the MIN6 β-cell line by EdU incorporation and cell count.ResultsWe found that a group of lncRNAs is differentially regulated in mouse islets at 14.5 days of pregnancy. At different stages of pregnancy, these lncRNAs are dynamically expressed, and expression is prolactin dependent in mouse islets and MIN6 cells. One of those lncRNAs, Gm16308 (Lnc03), is dynamically regulated during pregnancy, prolactin-dependent and islet-enriched. Silencing Lnc03 in primary β-cells and MIN6 cells inhibits, whereas over-expression stimulates, proliferation even in the absence of prolactin, demonstrating that Lnc03 regulates β-cell growth.Conclusions/interpretationDuring pregnancy mouse islet proliferation is correlated with dynamic changes of lncRNA expression. In particular, Lnc03 regulates mouse β-cell proliferation and may be a crucial component of β-cell proliferation in β-cell mass adaptation in both health and disease.
| S-EPMC5552087 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:We developed a mouse model that enables non-invasive assessment of changes in beta cell mass. PROCEDURES:We generated a transgenic mouse expressing luciferase under control of the mouse insulin I promoter [mouse insulin promoter-luciferase-Vanderbilt University (MIP-Luc-VU)] and characterized this model in mice with increased or decreased beta cell mass and after islet transplantation. RESULTS:Streptozotocin-induced, diabetic MIP-Luc-VU mice had a progressive decline in bioluminescence that correlated with a decrease in beta cell mass. MIP-Luc-VU animals fed a high-fat diet displayed a progressive increase in bioluminescence that reflected an increase in beta cell mass. MIP-Luc-VU islets transplanted beneath the renal capsule or into the liver emitted bioluminescence proportional to the number of islets transplanted and could be imaged for more than a year. CONCLUSIONS:Bioluminescence in the MIP-Luc-VU mouse model is proportional to beta cell mass in the setting of increased and decreased beta cell mass and after transplantation.
| S-EPMC3822006 | biostudies-literature
Project description:NF-κB is a well-characterized transcription factor, widely known for its roles in inflammation and immune responses, as well as in control of cell division and apoptosis. However, its function in β-cells is still being debated, as it appears to depend on the timing and kinetics of its activation. To elucidate the temporal role of NF-κB in vivo, we have generated two transgenic mouse models, the ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, in which NF-κB activation is specifically and conditionally inhibited in β-cells. In this study, we present a novel function of the canonical NF-κB pathway during murine islet β-cell development. Interestingly, inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in β-cells during embryogenesis, but not after birth, in both ToIβ and NOD/ToIβ mice, increased β-cell turnover, ultimately resulting in a reduced β-cell mass. On the NOD background, this was associated with a marked increase in insulitis and diabetes incidence. While a robust nuclear immunoreactivity of the NF-κB p65-subunit was found in neonatal β-cells, significant activation was not detected in β-cells of either adult NOD/ToIβ mice or in the pancreata of recently diagnosed adult T1D patients. Moreover, in NOD/ToIβ mice, inhibiting NF-κB post-weaning had no effect on the development of diabetes or β-cell dysfunction. In conclusion, our data point to NF-κB as an important component of the physiological regulatory circuit that controls the balance of β-cell proliferation and apoptosis in the early developmental stages of insulin-producing cells, thus modulating β-cell mass and the development of diabetes in the mouse model of T1D.
| S-EPMC7790827 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The bioactive peptides of the apelinergic system and its receptor APJ have been shown to play a protective role in experimental cardiovascular and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Mechanisms of this renoprotective effect remain to be elucidated. In this study, we examined the localization of APJ within the normal kidney and its kidney expression in the db/db model of DKD. The effect of hyperglycemia and angiotensin II on APJ was examined in cultured podocytes. In the glomerulus, APJ colocalized with podocyte but not endothelial cell markers. In podocytes stimulated with Pyr1 Apelin-13, a change in the phosphorylation status of the signaling proteins, AKT, ERK, and p70S6K, was observed with an increase 15 min after stimulation. Apelin-13 decreased activity of Caspase-3 in podocytes after high glucose treatment reflecting an antiapoptotic effect of APJ stimulation. In podocytes, APJ mRNA was downregulated in high glucose, when compared to normal glucose conditions and exposure to angiotensin II led to a further significant decrease in APJ mRNA. APJ and preproapelin mRNA levels in kidneys from db/db mice were markedly decreased along with decreased tubular APJ protein by western blotting and immunostaining when compared to db/m controls. In conclusion, the apelinergic system is decreased in kidneys from db/db mice. Within the glomerulus, APJ is mainly localized in podocytes and in this cell type its activation by Apelin-13 abolishes the proapoptotic effect of high glucose, suggesting a potential therapeutic role of apelin and emerging agonists with extended half-life for therapy of DKD.
| S-EPMC6288480 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Oscillatory electrical activity is regarded as a hallmark of the pancreatic beta cell glucose-dependent excitability pattern. Electrophysiologically recorded membrane potential oscillations in beta cells are associated with in-phase oscillatory cytosolic calcium activity ([Ca(2+)]i) measured with fluorescent probes. Recent high spatial and temporal resolution confocal imaging revealed that glucose stimulation of beta cells in intact islets within acute tissue slices produces a [Ca(2+)]i change with initial transient phase followed by a plateau phase with highly synchronized [Ca(2+)]i oscillations. Here, we aimed to correlate the plateau [Ca(2+)]i oscillations with the oscillations of membrane potential using patch-clamp and for the first time high resolution voltage-sensitive dye based confocal imaging. Our results demonstrated that the glucose-evoked membrane potential oscillations spread over the islet in a wave-like manner, their durations and wave velocities being comparable to the ones for [Ca(2+)]i oscillations and waves. High temporal resolution simultaneous records of membrane potential and [Ca(2+)]i confirmed tight but nevertheless limited coupling of the two processes, with membrane depolarization preceding the [Ca(2+)]i increase. The potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium increased the velocity at which oscillations advanced over the islet by several-fold while, at the same time, emphasized differences in kinetics of the membrane potential and the [Ca(2+)]i. The combination of both imaging techniques provides a powerful tool that will help us attain deeper knowledge of the beta cell network.
| S-EPMC3855743 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Apelin binds to the G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ; gene name aplnr) to modulate diverse physiological systems including cardiovascular function, and hydromineral and metabolic balance. Recently a second endogenous ligand for APJ, named apela, has been discovered. We confirm that apela activates signal transduction pathways (ERK activation) in cells expressing the cloned rat APJ. Previous studies suggest that exogenous apela is diuretic, attributable wholly or in part to an action on renal APJ. Thus far the cellular distribution of apela in the kidney has not been reported. We have utilized in situ hybridization histochemistry to reveal strong apela labelling in the inner medulla (IM), with lower levels observed in the inner stripe of the outer medulla (ISOM), of rat and mouse kidneys. This contrasts with renal aplnr expression where the converse is apparent, with intense labelling in the ISOM (consistent with vasa recta labelling) and low-moderate hybridization in the IM, in addition to labelling of glomeruli. Apelin is found in sparsely distributed cells amongst more prevalent aplnr-labelled cells in extra-tubular regions of the medulla. This expression profile is supported by RNA-Seq data that shows that apela, but not apelin or aplnr, is highly expressed in microdissected rat kidney tubules. If endogenous tubular apela promotes diuresis in the kidney it could conceivably do this by interacting with APJ in vasculature, or via an unknown receptor in the tubules. The comparative distribution of apela, apelin and aplnr in the rodent kidney lays the foundation for future work on how the renal apelinergic system interacts.
| S-EPMC5560558 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Aims/hypothesisUpregulation of the functional beta cell mass is required to match the physiological demands of mother and fetus during pregnancy. This increase is dependent on placental lactogens (PLs) and prolactin receptors, but the mechanisms underlying these events are only partially understood. We studied the mRNA expression profile of mouse islets during pregnancy to gain a better insight into these changes.MethodsRNA expression was measured ex vivo via microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR. In vivo observations were extended by in vitro models in which ovine PL was added to cultured mouse islets and MIN6 cells.ResultsmRNA encoding both isoforms of the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), i.e. Tph1 and Tph2, were strongly induced (fold change 25- to 200-fold) during pregnancy. This induction was mimicked by exposing islets or MIN6 cells to ovine PLs for 24 h and was dependent on janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5. Parallel to Tph1 mRNA and protein induction, islet serotonin content increased to a peak level that was 200-fold higher than basal. Interestingly, only a subpopulation of the beta cells was serotonin-positive in vitro and in vivo. The stored serotonin pool in pregnant islets and PL-treated MIN6 cells was rapidly released (turnover once every 2 h).Conclusions/interpretationA very strong lactogen-dependent upregulation of serotonin biosynthesis occurs in a subpopulation of mouse islet beta cells during pregnancy. Since the newly formed serotonin is rapidly released, this lactogen-induced beta cell function may serve local or endocrine tasks, the nature of which remains to be identified.
| S-EPMC2974930 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo analyze the interactions between maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and genetically determined maternal body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy on offspring childhood obesity.Research design and methodsA total of 1114 Chinese mother-child pairs (560 GDM and 554 non-GDM) were included between August 2009 and July 2011. Maternal genetic risk score (GRS) of BMI during pregnancy was derived on the basis of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms identified from a genome-wide association study. Offspring's BMI, BMI-for-age z score, weight, weight-for-age z score, waist circumference, sum of skinfolds, and body fat percentage during childhood were measured or calculated.ResultsMaternal GRS of BMI during pregnancy significantly interacted with maternal GDM status on childhood risks of overweight and obesity (all P for interaction <.05). After multivariable adjustment, per unit of GRS was associated with a 24% (P<.001) and a 28% (P<.001) increased risk of overweight and obesity among children of GDM mothers, whereas no significant associations were observed among children of mothers without GDM. In addition, per unit GRS of BMI during pregnancy was significantly associated with 0.16 kg/m2 higher BMI (P=.002), 0.09 higher BMI-for-age z score (P=.002), 0.24 kg higher weight (P=.04), 0.06 higher weight-for-age z score (P=.02), 0.28 cm higher waist circumference (P=.03), 0.94 mm higher sum of skinfolds (P=.004), and 0.37% higher body fat percentage (P=.03) among children of GDM mothers. There were no significant associations between maternal GRS of BMI during pregnancy and offspring's obesity-related outcomes among children of mothers without GDM.ConclusionOur findings for the first time indicate that maternal GDM status may modify the relation between genetically determined maternal BMI during pregnancy and offspring's obesity risk during childhood.
| S-EPMC7672776 | biostudies-literature