Organic Amendments Alter Soil Hydrology and Belowground Microbiome of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Readyhough T
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8399880 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Application of organic amendments is considered an eco-friendly practice to promote soil fertility and suppressiveness against a wide range of soil-borne pathogens. However, limited information is available about the capabilities of organic amendments to control virus disease. In this study, the suppressiveness of different organic amendments (i.e., compost manure, biochar, alfalfa straw, and glucose) was determined against the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) on tomato plants in a 1-year-long mesocosm experiment. Organic treatments were compared to the ordinary soil management based on mineral fertilizers and fumigation. Tomato seedlings were inoculated with TSWV and the infection and symptoms were assessed three weeks later. The disease incidence was higher in soil treated with mineral fertilizers and fumigation (> 80%) compared to the application of organic amendments, with alfalfa straw and biochar recording the lowest incidence (< 40%). Moreover, soil microbiota structure and diversity were assessed by high-throughput sequencing of bacterial and eukaryotic rRNA gene markers. Several members belonging to the bacterial phyla of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria, as well as members of the fungal genus Acremonium, were positively associated with plant health. This study showed that conventional practices, by shifting microbiome composition, may increase TSWV incidence and severity.
| S-EPMC7281679 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genome-wide association mapping is an efficient way to identify quantitative trait loci controlling the variation of phenotypes, but the approach suffers severe limitations when one is studying inbred crops like cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Such crops exhibit low rates of molecular polymorphism and high linkage disequilibrium, which reduces mapping resolution. The cherry type tomato (S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) genome has been described as an admixture between the cultivated tomato and its wild ancestor, S. pimpinellifolium. We have thus taken advantage of the properties of this admixture to improve the resolution of association mapping in tomato. As a proof of concept, we sequenced 81 DNA fragments distributed on chromosome 2 at different distances in a core collection of 90 tomato accessions, including mostly cherry type tomato accessions. The 81 Sequence Tag Sites revealed 352 SNPs and indels. Molecular diversity was greatest for S. pimpinellifolium accessions, intermediate for S. l. cerasiforme accessions, and lowest for the cultivated group. We assessed the structure of molecular polymorphism and the extent of linkage disequilibrium over genetic and physical distances. Linkage disequilibrium decreased under r(2) = 0.3 within 1 cM, and minimal estimated value (r(2) = 0.13) was reached within 20 kb over the physical regions studied. Associations between polymorphisms and fruit weight, locule number, and soluble solid content were detected. Several candidate genes and quantitative trait loci previously identified were validated and new associations detected. This study shows the advantages of using a collection of S. l. cerasiforme accessions to overcome the low resolution of association mapping in tomato.
| S-EPMC3411241 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEndogenous pararetroviral sequences (EPRVs) are a recently discovered class of repetitive sequences that is broadly distributed in the plant kingdom. The potential contribution of EPRVs to plant pathogenicity or, conversely, to virus resistance is just beginning to be explored. Some members of the family Solanaceae are particularly rich in EPRVs. In previous work, EPRVs have been characterized molecularly in various species of Nicotiana including N.tabacum (tobacco) and Solanum tuberosum (potato). Here we describe a family of EPRVs in cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and a wild relative (S.habrochaites).ResultsMolecular cloning and DNA sequence analysis revealed that tomato EPRVs (named LycEPRVs) are most closely related to those in tobacco. The sequence similarity of LycEPRVs in S.lycopersicum and S.habrochaites indicates they are potentially derived from the same pararetrovirus. DNA blot analysis revealed a similar genomic organization in the two species, but also some independent excision or insertion events after species separation, or flanking sequence divergence. LycEPRVs share with the tobacco elements a disrupted genomic structure and frequent association with retrotransposons. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that copies of LycEPRV are dispersed on all chromosomes in predominantly heterochromatic regions. Methylation of LycEPRVs was detected in CHG and asymmetric CHH nucleotide groups. Although normally quiescent EPRVs can be reactivated and produce symptoms of infection in some Nicotiana interspecific hybrids, a similar pathogenicity of LycEPRVs could not be demonstrated in Solanum L. section Lycopersicon [Mill.] hybrids. Even in healthy plants, however, transcripts derived from multiple LycEPRV loci and short RNAs complementary to LycEPRVs were detected and were elevated upon infection with heterologous viruses encoding suppressors of PTGS.ConclusionThe analysis of LycEPRVs provides further evidence for the extensive invasion of pararetroviral sequences into the genomes of solanaceous plants. The detection of asymmetric CHH methylation and short RNAs, which are hallmarks of RNAi in plants, suggests that LycEPRVs are controlled by an RNA-mediated silencing mechanism.
| S-EPMC1899175 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Histone acetylation and deacetylation at the N-terminus of histone tails play crucial roles in the regulation of eukaryotic gene activity. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of histone deacetylation/acetylation on genome stability, transcriptional regulation, development and response to stress in Arabidopsis. However, the biological functions of HDACs in tomato have not been investigated previously. Fifteen HDACs identified from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) can be grouped into RPD3/HDA1, SIR2 and HD2 families based on phylogenetic analysis. Meanwhile, 10 members of the RPD3/HDA1 family can be further subdivided into four groups, namely Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV. High similarities of protein sequences and conserved domains were identified among SlHDACs and their homologs in Arabidopsis. Most SlHDACs were expressed in all tissues examined with different transcript abundance. Transient expression in Arabidopsis protoplasts showed that SlHDA8, SlHDA1, SlHDA5, SlSRT1 and members of the HD2 family were localized to the nucleus, whereas SlHDA3 and SlHDA4 were localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The difference in the expression patterns and subcellular localization of SlHDACs suggest that they may play distinct functions in tomato. Furthermore, we found that three members of the RPD3/HDA1 family, SlHDA1, SIHDA3 and SlHDA4, interacted with TAG1 (TOMATO AGAMOUS1) and TM29 (TOMATO MADS BOX29), two MADS-box proteins associated with tomato reproductive development, indicating that these HDACs may be involved in gene regulation in reproductive development.
| S-EPMC4285013 | biostudies-literature
Project description:MSH2 is the core protein of MutS-homolog family involved in recognition and repair of the errors in the DNA. While other members of MutS-homolog family reportedly regulate mitochondrial stability, meiosis, and fertility, MSH2 is believed to participate mainly in mismatch repair. The search for polymorphism in MSH2 sequence in tomato accessions revealed both synonymous and nonsynonymous SNPs; however, SIFT algorithm predicted that none of the SNPs influenced MSH2 protein function. The silencing of MSH2 gene expression by RNAi led to phenotypic abnormalities in highly silenced lines, particularly in the stamens with highly reduced pollen formation. MSH2 silencing exacerbated formation of UV-B-induced thymine dimers and blocked light-induced repair of the dimers. The MSH2 silencing also affected the progression of male meiosis to a varying degree with either halt of meiosis at zygotene stage or formation of diploid tetrads. The immunostaining of male meiocytes with centromere localized CENPC (centromere protein C) antibody showed the presence of 48 univalent along with 24 bivalent chromosomes suggesting abnormal tetraploid meiosis. The mitotic cells of root tips of silenced lines showed diploid nuclei but lacked intervening cell plates leading to cells with syncytial nuclei. Thus, we speculate that tetraploid pollen mother cells may have arisen due to the fusion of syncytial nuclei before the onset of meiosis. It is likely that in addition to mismatch repair (MMR), MSH2 may have an additional role in regulating ploidy stability.
| S-EPMC6508528 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundCytokinins (CKs) are involved in response to various environmental cues, including salinity. It has been previously reported that enhancing CK contents improved salt stress tolerance in tomato. However, the underlying mechanisms of CK metabolism and signaling under salt stress conditions remain to be deciphered.ResultsTwo tomato isopentenyltransferases, SlIPT3 and SlIPT4, were characterized in tomato and Arabidopsis. Both proteins displayed isopentenyltransferase (IPT) activity in vitro, while their encoding genes exhibited different spatio-temporal expression patterns during tomato plant development. SlIPT3 and SlIPT4 were affected by the endogenous CK status, tightly connected with CKs feedback regulation, as revealed by hormonal treatements. In response to salt stress, SlIPT3 and SlIPT4 were strongly repressed in tomato roots, and differently affected in young and old leaves. SlIPT3 overexpression in tomato resulted in high accumulation of different CK metabolites, following modifications of CK biosynthesis-, signaling- and degradation-gene expression. In addition, 35S::SlIPT3 tomato plants displayed improved tolerance to salinity consecutive to photosynthetic pigments and K(+)/Na(+) ratio retention. Involvement of SlIPT3 and SlIPT4 in salt stress response was also observed in Arabidopsis ipt3 knock-out complemented plants, through maintenance of CK homeostasis.ConclusionsSlIPT3 and SlIPT4 are functional IPTs encoded by differently expressed genes, distinctively taking part in the salinity response. The substantial participation of SlIPT3 in CK metabolism during salt stress has been determined in 35S::SlIPT3 tomato transformants, where enhancement of CKs accumulation significantly improved plant tolerance to salinity, underlining the importance of this phytohormone in stress response.
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Project description:Soil flooding is a compound abiotic stress that alters soil properties and limits atmospheric gas diffusion (O2 and CO2) to the roots. The involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) in the regulation of soil flooding-specific genetic and metabolic responses has been scarcely studied despite its key importance as regulator in other abiotic stress conditions. To attain this objective, wild type and ABA-deficient tomatoes were subjected to short-term (24 h) soil waterlogging. After this period, gas exchange parameters were reduced in the wild type but not in ABA-deficient plants that always had higher E and g s . Transcript and metabolite alterations were more intense in waterlogged tissues, with genotype-specific variations. Waterlogging reduced the ABA levels in the roots while inducing PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and ABA-dependent transcription factor transcripts, of which induction was less pronounced in the ABA-deficient genotype. Ethylene/O2-dependent genetic responses (ERFVIIs, plant anoxia survival responses, and genes involved in the N-degron pathway) were induced in hypoxic tissues independently of the genotype. Interestingly, genes encoding a nitrate reductase and a phytoglobin involved in NO biosynthesis and scavenging and ERFVII stability were induced in waterlogged tissues, but to a lower extent in ABA-deficient tomato. At the metabolic level, flooding-induced accumulation of Ala was enhanced in ABA-deficient lines following a differential accumulation of Glu and Asp in both hypoxic and aerated tissues, supporting their involvement as sources of oxalacetate to feed the tricarboxylic acid cycle in waterlogged tissues and constituting a potential advantage upon long periods of soil waterlogging. The promoter analysis of upregulated genes indicated that the production of oxalacetate from Asp via Asp oxidase, energy processes such as acetyl-CoA, ATP, and starch biosynthesis, and the lignification process were likely subjected to ABA regulation. Taken together, these data indicate that ABA depletion in waterlogged tissues acts as a positive signal, inducing several specific genetic and metabolic responses to soil flooding.
| S-EPMC7973378 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Soil microbial biomass (SMB) and soil microbial communities (SMCs) are the key factors in soil health and agricultural sustainability. We hypothesized that low bioavailable carbon (C) and energy were the key limiting factors influencing soil microbial growth and developed a new fertilization system to address this: the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers and high-energy-density organic amendments (HED-OAs). A microcosm soil incubation experiment and a Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis pot culture experiment were used to test the effects of this new system. Compared to mineral fertilizer application alone, the simultaneous input of fertilizers and vegetable oil (SIFVO) achieved a bacterial abundance, fungal abundance, and fungal:bacterial ratio that were two orders of magnitude higher, significantly higher organic C and nitrogen (N) content, significantly lower N loss, and nearly net-zero N2O emissions. We proposed an energy and nutrient threshold theory to explain the observed bacterial and fungal growth characteristics, challenging the previously established C:N ratio determination theory. Furthermore, SIFVO led to microbial community improvements (an increased fungal:bacterial ratio, enriched rhizosphere bacteria and fungi, and reduced N-transformation bacteria) that were beneficial for agricultural sustainability. A low vegetable oil rate (5 g/kg) significantly promoted Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis growth and decreased the shoot N content by 35%, while a high rate caused severe N deficiency and significantly inhibited growth of the crop, confirming the exceptionally high microbial abundance and indicating severe microbe-crop competition for nutrients in the soil.
| S-EPMC9566092 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Chitinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of chitin β-1,4 linkages. However, plants cannot produce chitin, suggesting that plant chitinases do not have the same function as animals. This study investigated the chitinase gene family in tomato and divided into eight groups via phylogenetic analyses with Arabidopsis and rice members. Conserved gene structures and motif arrangements indicated their functional relevance with each group. These genes were nonrandomly distributed across the tomato chromosomes, and tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of this gene family. Synteny analysis also established orthology relationships and functional linkages between Arabidopsis and tomato chitinase genes. Several positive selection sites were identified, which may contribute to the functional divergence of the protein family in evolution. In addition, differential expression profiles of the tomato chitinase genes were also investigated at some developmental stages, or under different biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, functional network analysis found 124 physical or functional interactions, implying the diversity of physiological functions of the family proteins. These results provide a foundation for the exploration of the chitinase genes in plants and will offer some insights for further functional studies.
| S-EPMC6473868 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In the present work experiments were carried out to optimize coating formulation in central composite rotatable design varying chitosan and glycerol concentration from 0.5 to 3% (w/w) and 0 to 3% (w/w) respectively as two independent factors. Total color difference and respiration rate was selected for tomato parameters and water vapor permeability and percentage solubility was selected for coating parameters as response. Quadratic polynomial models generated was adequate to explain the effects of the chitosan and glycerol concentrations on response variables. Experimental validation confirmed the adequacy of the coating formulation for tomato optimized by response surface methodology with 2.15% chitosan and 0.50% glycerol. Characterization of the optimized coating was undertaken in scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Microstructure image revealed proper continuity, integrity and surface micro structure of the developed coating. XRD and FTIR spectra revealed the pattern of ideal chitosan based coatings and also unfolded various crystallographic, structural and molecular involvement and couplings in coating properties. XRD pattern reflected semicrystalline structure of chitosan based developed edible coating having crystal form-1 and crystal form-II. In addition to other expected ideal peaks, FTIR also confirmed the presence of water in the coating. Residual acetic acid (solvent for coating formulation) is also evident at around 1700 cm-1 of FTIR spectra, corresponding to carbonyl vibration of the carboxylic acid.
| S-EPMC6033798 | biostudies-other