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A new approach to establish safe levels of available metals in soil with respect to potential health hazard of human.

ABSTRACT: Safe levels of extractable pollutant elements in soil have not been universally established. Prediction of metal solubility in polluted soils and the subsequent transfer of these metals from soil pore water to the human food supply via crops are required for effective risk assessment from polluted soils. Thus an attempt has been made to develop a novel approach to protect human health from exposure to toxic metals through assessing risk from metal polluted soils utilised for agriculture. In this study, we assess the relative efficacy of various forms of 'free ion activity model' (FIAM) for predicting the concentration of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in spinach and wheat as example crops, thereby providing an assessment of risk to human health from consumption of these crops. Free metal ion activity in soil solution was estimated using the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model VII (WHAM-VII) and the Baker soil test. Approximately 91, 81, 75, 94 and 70% of the variability in Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn and Cu content, respectively, of spinach could be described by a FIAM using an estimate of the free ion activity of the metals provided by WHAM-VII. Owing to the different concentration of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) used in the present experiment, higher prediction coefficients were obtained using EDTA (0.05 M), rather than DTPA (0.005 M), as the metal extractant in an integrated solubility-FIAM model. Out of three formulations, the FIAM, based on free ion activity of metals in soil pore water, determined from solution extracted with Rhizon samplers, was distinctly superior to the other formulations in predicting metal uptake by spinach and wheat. A safe level of extractable metal in soil was prescribed using a hazard quotient derived from predicted plant metal content and estimated dietary intake of wheat and spinach by a human population.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12665-021-09988-7.

SUBMITTER: Golui D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8475353 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Health implications to the population due to the consumption of contaminated vegetables has been a great concern all over the world. In this study, the levels of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Zn, Fe, Pb, As, Mn, Cu, Hg, Ni and Co) in soil and commonly consumed vegetables from Mojo area in central Ethiopia have been determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) and possible health risks due to the consumptions of the vegetables have also been estimated. The levels of As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Hg and Co were exceeded the reference level in agricultural soil. Likewise, As, Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg levels exceeded the recommended values in vegetable samples with concentrations ranging from 1.93-5.73, 3.63-7.56, 0.56-1.56, 1.49-4.63 and 3.43-4.23 mg/kg, respectively. It was observed that leafy vegetable (cabbage) has accumulated heavy metals to greater extent compared with tomato. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of toxic metals due to the consumption of the vegetables were below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). However, the total health quotient (THQ), calculated based on EDI of the heavy metals were found > 1 for As and Hg due to tomato consumption and for As, Hg and Co due to cabbage consumption, suggesting significant health risk. The health index (HI) due to the intake of toxic metals from the consumption of both vegetables were much > 1, with HI values of 7.205 and 15.078 due to tomato and cabbage consumption, respectively. This clearly suggests the possible adverse health effect to adult population from the consumption of tomato and cabbage from the study area. The total cancer risk (TCR) analysis have also revealed the potential adverse cancer risk induced by As, Cd, Hg, and Ni from the consumption of both tomato and cabbage as their TCR values were above the threshold level. Based on the results of this study, there would be a significant health risk (both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) to the consumer associated with the consumption of cabbage and tomato being cultivated in Mojo area. Consequently, we recommend a strict regulatory control on the safety of vegetables originated from the study area.

Project description:Introduction Artificial turf or synthetic grass releases hazardous substances such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Objective The current study aimed to evaluate the concentration levels of hazardous substances that are emitted from artificial turf as a result of sunlight effect; and to assess the expected exposure risks to such emitted substances during various activities. The current study aimed to evaluate the concentration levels of hazardous substances that are emitted from artificial turf as a result of the effect of sunlight. And to assess the expected risks of exposure to these substances emitted during the various activities. Study design VOCs emitted from artificial turf samples were monitored and collected in the ambient air of three football fields, the ambient air around a piece of new artificial turf that has not yet been used on playing fields, but has been exposed to sunlight within one year and in the indoor air around a piece of new artificial turf. Which has not yet been used on the playgrounds and was placed at room temperature and away from sunlight. Results The current study shows that average afternoon morning VOCs levels were 277, 333, 405 and 509 mg/m3 in winter, autumn, spring and summer, respectively. The most predominant PAHs compounds present in the samples were compounds with 3-rings and 4-rings. The average daily intake (ADI) for three exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact) was calculated for different age categories (3–6, 7–15, 16–18, 19–22, 23–55, and 56–70 year). Non-Carcinogenic exposure risk as hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were detected. Conclusion All HI values were <1, indicating that there is no potential adverse health effects occur as a result of a chemical exposure. Total carcinogenic risk (R) values for the different age categories were higher than 1E-04 for three football artificial grass fields, which indicated a high cancer risk development probability. HI and R probability increased in the age group of 7–15 year > 3–6 years.

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A new approach to establish safe levels of available metals in soil with respect to potential health hazard of human.

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