Association between change in handgrip strength and cognitive function in Korean adults: a longitudinal panel study.
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ABSTRACT: Background
Muscular function, such as handgrip strength, has been suggested as an associated factor for cognitive impairment. This study investigated the association between temporal change in handgrip strength and cognitive function using longitudinal, nationwide data from Korean older adults.Methods
Our study used data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). The analysis covered 6696 participants who had taken the handgrip strength test and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) from 2006 to 2018. We adopted general estimating equations to assess the temporal effect of handgrip strength change on cognitive function.Results
After adjusting for covariates, we observed an association between handgrip strength and low MMSE scores (β = - 0.3142 in men, β = - 0.2685 in women). Handgrip strength as a continuous variable was positively correlated with MMSE scores after adjustment (β = 0.0293 in men, β = 0.0347 in women). The group with decreased handgrip strength over time also showed greater odds for mild cognitive impairment (OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.05-1.27 in men, OR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.05-1.27 in women) and dementia (OR = 1.393, 95%CI = 1.18-1.65 in men, OR = 1.19, 95%CI = 1.08-1.32 in women).Conclusions
This study identified the relationship between handgrip strength change and cognitive function among South Korean adults. According to our large, longitudinal sample, decreasing handgrip strength was associated with decline in cognitive function.
SUBMITTER: Kim H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8638365 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ObjectiveHandgrip strength, an indicator of overall muscle strength, has been found to be associated with slower rate of cognitive decline and decreased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. However, evaluating the replicability of associations between aging-related changes in physical and cognitive functioning is challenging due to differences in study designs and analytical models. A multiple-study coordinated analysis approach was used to generate new longitudinal results based on comparable construct-level measurements and identical statistical models and to facilitate replication and research synthesis.MethodsWe performed coordinated analysis on 9 cohort studies affiliated with the Integrative Analysis of Longitudinal Studies of Aging and Dementia (IALSA) research network. Bivariate linear mixed models were used to examine associations among individual differences in baseline level, rate of change, and occasion-specific variation across grip strength and indicators of cognitive function, including mental status, processing speed, attention and working memory, perceptual reasoning, verbal ability, and learning and memory. Results were summarized using meta-analysis.ResultsAfter adjustment for covariates, we found an overall moderate association between change in grip strength and change in each cognitive domain for both males and females: Average correlation coefficient was 0.55 (95% CI = 0.44-0.56). We also found a high level of heterogeneity in this association across studies.DiscussionMeta-analytic results from nine longitudinal studies showed consistently positive associations between linear rates of change in grip strength and changes in cognitive functioning. Future work will benefit from the examination of individual patterns of change to understand the heterogeneity in rates of aging and health-related changes across physical and cognitive biomarkers.
| S-EPMC7813182 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesFactors that are responsible for age-related neurologic deterioration of noncognitive and cognitive processes may have a shared cause. We sought to examine the temporal, directional associations of handgrip strength and cognitive function in a national sample of aging Americans.DesignLongitudinal panel.SettingEnhanced interviews that included physical, biological, and psychosocial measures were completed in person. Core interviews were often conducted over the telephone.ParticipantsThe analytic sample included 14,775 Americans aged at least 50 years who participated in at least 2 waves of the 2006-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study.MeasuresHandgrip strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer. Participants were considered cognitively intact, mildly impaired, or severely impaired according to the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status questionnaire. Separate lagged general estimating equations analyzed the directional associations of handgrip strength and cognitive function.ResultsThe overall time to follow-up was 2.1 ± 0.4 years. Every 5 kg higher handgrip strength was associated with 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93, 0.99] lower odds for both future cognitive impairment and worse cognitive impairment. Those who were not weak had 0.54 (CI 0.43, 0.69) lower odds for future cognitive impairment and 0.57 (CI 0.46, 0.72) lower odds for future worse cognitive impairment. Conversely, any (β = -1.09; CI -1.54, -0.64), mild (β = -0.85; CI -1.34, -0.36), and severe cognitive impairment (β = -2.34; CI -3.25, -1.42) predicted decreased handgrip strength. Further, the presence of any, mild, and severe cognitive impairment was associated with 1.82 (CI 1.48, 2.24), 1.65 (CI 1.31, 2.08), and 2.53 (CI 1.74, 3.67) greater odds for future weakness, respectively.Conclusions/implicationsStrength capacity and cognitive function may parallel each other, whereby losses of functioning in 1 factor may forecast losses of functioning in the other. Handgrip strength could be used for assessing cognitive status in aging Americans and strength capacity should be monitored in those with cognitive impairment.
| S-EPMC7186158 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHandgrip strength, a measure of muscular fitness, is associated with cardiovascular (CV) events and CV mortality but its association with cardiac structure and function is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine if handgrip strength is associated with changes in cardiac structure and function in UK adults.Methods and resultsLeft ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), mass (M), and mass-to-volume ratio (MVR) were measured in a sample of 4,654 participants of the UK Biobank Study 6.3 ± 1 years after baseline using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Handgrip strength was measured at baseline and at the imaging follow-up examination. We determined the association between handgrip strength at baseline as well as its change over time and each of the cardiac outcome parameters. After adjustment, higher level of handgrip strength at baseline was associated with higher LVEDV (difference per SD increase in handgrip strength: 1.3ml, 95% CI 0.1-2.4; p = 0.034), higher LVSV (1.0ml, 0.3-1.8; p = 0.006), lower LVM (-1.0g, -1.8 --0.3; p = 0.007), and lower LVMVR (-0.013g/ml, -0.018 --0.007; p<0.001). The association between handgrip strength and LVEDV and LVSV was strongest among younger individuals, while the association with LVM and LVMVR was strongest among older individuals.ConclusionsBetter handgrip strength was associated with cardiac structure and function in a pattern indicative of less cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling. These characteristics are known to be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events.
| S-EPMC5851546 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We investigated the association between working status changes and hand-grip strength (HGS) among middle-aged and older Korean adults using data from the 2006-2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. After excluding those with less than normal HGS in the baseline year, newly added panels, and missing values, 3843 participants (2106 men; 1737 women) were finally included. After adjusting for potential confounders, we used a 2-year lagged multivariable generalized estimating equation model to examine this association longitudinally. Men who quit working or who continued to be non-working were more likely to have lower HGS than those who continued to work (working → non-working, adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.70; non-working → non-working, adjusted OR: 1.52, 95% CI 1.34-1.72). Compared to women who continued to work, the other three groups showed high ORs with low HGS (working → non-working, adjusted OR: 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.40; non-working → working, adjusted OR: 1.18, 95% CI 0.98-1.42; non-working → non-working, adjusted OR: 1.38, 95% CI 1.22-1.56). Middle-aged and older adults whose working status changed to non-working were at higher risk of reduced HGS than others and required muscular strength training interventions to improve HGS and prevent sarcopenia.
| S-EPMC9330927 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:The association between handgrip strength combined with body mass index (BMI) and cognitive impairment has not been thoroughly examined. We aimed to investigate whether the relationship between handgrip strength and risk of cognitive impairment is altered by the presence of obesity in older women. METHODS:A total of 544 older women aged over 65 years without cognitive impairment from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) were included in the study. Handgrip strength was classified in a binary manner (weak or strong) or in tertiles and obesity was defined as a BMI???25 kg/m2, in accordance with the Asia-Pacific World Health Organization criteria. Incident cognitive impairment was defined as a Korean Mini-mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score of less than 24 after eight years of follow-up. RESULTS:Strong handgrip strength was associated with reduced likelihood of developing cognitive impairment compared to weak handgrip strength in obese women (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 0.23, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.08-0.66). The highest tertile of handgrip strength was associated with reduced risk of incident cognitive impairment (aOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.04-0.70), compared to the lowest tertile of handgrip strength in obese women, with a significant linear trend (p for trend?=?0.016). Furthermore, the highest tertile of handgrip strength was significantly associated with smaller decline in K-MMSE scores compared to the lowest tertile of handgrip strength in obese women (p value?=?0.009). There was no association between handgrip strength and incident cognitive impairment in non-obese women. CONCLUSIONS:Strong handgrip strength was associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment among obese women, but not in non-obese women. Handgrip strength may be a simple and useful marker for predicting future cognitive impairment among obese women.
| S-EPMC6154935 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The objective of the study was to examine the association between handgrip strength (HGS), knee flexion and extension strength, and static and dynamic balance in older women. One hundred and ten women with a mean age of 67.4±5.9 years were assessed for dynamic postural balance using the Time Up & Go Test (TUG) with and without cognitive tasks. Semi-static balance was assessed by means of a force platform; knee flexor and extensor muscle strength was calculated using an isokinetic dynamometer; and HGS using a hand held dynamometer. Weaker HGS was significantly correlated with worse performance in dynamic postural balance, as well as performance with TUG with and without cognitive tasks; however, there was no correlation between HGS and static balance. There was a moderate positive correlation between knee flexion/extension strength and HGS. This suggests that HGS could be used as a proxy indicator of overall strength capacity for clinical screening among older women.
| S-EPMC5983424 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHandgrip strength (HGS) is a good predictor of adverse health outcomes in later life. This prospective study aimed to investigate whether HGS trajectory patterns were associated with all-cause mortality among older adults in Korea.MethodsThis study used the database of the 2006-2016 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. Study participants included 3,069 adults aged ≥65 years without a previous history of cancer. The trajectory model was developed to identify different homogeneous trajectory patterns of HGS according to study period. Cox proportional hazards models were then applied to investigate the association between HGS and all-cause mortality.ResultsThe survival probability according to HGS during the follow-up period decreased as base HGS weakened. We identified four distinct trajectory groups of HGS among men and three among women. The risk of mortality increased as the HGS of both males and females decreased. Compared with the highest HGS group, the adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality of the lowest, lower-mid, and upper-mid HGS groups among males were 3.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.17-6.69), 2.26 (95% CI, 1.47-3.48), and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.07-2.32). Those of the low and mid HGS groups among females were 2.69 (95% CI, 1.39-5.21) and 1.97 (95% CI, 1.05-3.69).ConclusionThe faster HGS declined over time, the greater the all-cause mortality risk increased compared with the slowly decreasing or maintained HGS groups among men and women. HGS measurement among older adults will be helpful in assessing their health statuses and pre-assessing disease-associated morbidity.
| S-EPMC7884901 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThere is growing evidence for a positive correlation between measures of muscular strength and cognitive abilities. However, the neurophysiological correlates of this relationship are not well understood so far. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical hemodynamics [i.e., changes in concentrations of oxygenated (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb)] as a possible link between measures of muscular strength and cognitive performance.MethodsIn a cohort of younger adults (n = 39, 18-30 years), we assessed (i) handgrip strength by a handhold dynamometer, (ii) short-term working memory performance by using error rates and reaction times in the Sternberg task, and (iii) cortical hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS).ResultsWe observed low to moderate negative correlations (rp = ~ - 0.38 to - 0.51; p < 0.05) between reaction time and levels of oxyHb in specific parts of the PFC. Furthermore, we noticed low to moderate positive correlations (rp = ~ 0.34 to 0.45; p < 0.05) between reaction times and levels of deoxyHb in distinct parts of the PFC. Additionally, higher levels of oxyHb (rp (35) = 0.401; p = 0.014) and lower levels of deoxyHb (rp (34) = - 0.338; p = 0.043) in specific parts of the PFC were linked to higher percentage of correct answers. We also found low to moderate correlations (p < 0.05) between measures of handgrip strength and levels of oxyHb (rp = ~ 0.35; p < 0.05) and levels of deoxyHb (rp = ~ - 0.25 to - 0.49; p < 0.05) in specific parts of the PFC. However, there was neither a correlation between cognitive performance and handgrip strength nor did cortical hemodynamics in the PFC mediate the relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive performance (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe present study provides evidence for a positive neurobehavioral relationship between cortical hemodynamics and cognitive performance. Our findings further imply that in younger adults higher levels of handgrip strength positively influence cortical hemodynamics although the latter did not necessarily culminate in better cognitive performance. Future research should examine whether the present findings can be generalized to other cohorts (e.g., older adults).
| S-EPMC7885414 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe handgrip strength is a practical, valid, reliable, low-cost tool that presents strong correlations with several health conditions. However, handgrip strength may be inaccurate to prospectively predict the variability of muscular function since the decrease in muscular strength over the years varies according to a muscular group or between upper and lower limbs. Our hypothesis is that the handgrip strength cannot explain the variance of muscle function prospectively.PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-sectional and prospective association between handgrip strength and isokinetic muscle function of the knee and elbow in 780 asymptomatic adults.MethodsIn a sample of 780 adults, we obtained handgrip strength and elbow and knee muscle function (for both flexion and extension at 60°/s and 300°/s) using, respectively, a hydraulic dynamometer and an isokinetic dynamometer. In a cross-sectional analysis, we analyzed the data obtained from baseline assessment. Then, we calculated the absolute change as a result of the variation data between the baseline and the 1-year follow-up assessment of each participant. The correlations were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman coefficients. We used multivariate models to investigate the association between handgrip strength and isokinetic muscle function.Results and discussionThe cross-sectional correlations were significantly moderate-to-strong (r = 0.41-0.71, p < 0.01), but became weak-to-moderate (r = 0.26-0.34, p < 0.01) prospectively. In the cross-sectional analysis, the handgrip strength was selected as a strong predictor for isokinetic variables (∆R 2 = 0.171-0.583, p < 0.05) as expected. Although handgrip strength was also selected as a significant predictor in prospective analysis, it explained only a little variance in isokinetic muscle function of the knee (∆R 2 = 0.7-0.117, p < 0.05). Regarding the predictive models for the elbow, handgrip strength was not selected prospectively.ConclusionThe 1-year absolute change of the handgrip strength cannot explain the variance of the isokinetic muscle function. Thus, specific measures are required for assessing muscle function in epidemiological studies.
| S-EPMC7924002 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo examine whether reduced handgrip strength, as a marker of muscle weakness, is linked with the risk of cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality among older adults.DesignWe used data from the 2006 to 2014 Korean longitudinal study of ageing study. Estimates of handgrip strength were collected using a handheld dynamometer. Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying covariates were used to estimate HRs and their 95% CIs for all-cause mortality. The cause-specific hazards regression analysis was also used to model cardiovascular and cancer mortality, by treating deaths from the cause of interest as events and other causes of death as censored.Participants5859 participants aged 50 years or older were followed up until death or until the date of censoring (31 December 2014).Primary outcome measuresThe study outcomes of interest were all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality.ResultsOf the participants included in analyses, 515 individuals (8.8%) died, reflecting an overall crude mortality rate of 11.0 deaths per 1000 person-years. Participants in the lowest handgrip strength tertile showed an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality evidenced by a multivariable adjusted HRs of 1.90 (95% CI 1.33 to 2.73) and 1.59 (95% Cl 1.08 to 2.34), respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the rates of cancer-related death, with HR of 1.29 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.81 [lowest vs highest tertile; p trend=0.21]).ConclusionThese results demonstrate that lower handgrip strength is an independent predictor of mortality among a population-based sample of Korean elderly; highlighting the importance of interventions targeted at enhancing muscle strength for improvements in survival at older ages.
| S-EPMC6527975 | biostudies-literature