Conformational surveillance of Orai1 by a rhomboid intramembrane protease prevents inappropriate CRAC channel activation.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Grieve AG
PROVIDER: S-EPMC8657799 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Endopeptidase classification based on catalytic mechanism and evolutionary history has proven to be invaluable to the study of proteolytic enzymes. Such general mechanistic- and evolutionary- based groupings have launched experimental investigations, because knowledge gained for one family member tends to apply to the other closely related enzymes. The serine endopeptidases represent one of the most abundant and diverse groups, with their apparently successful proteolytic mechanism having arisen independently many times throughout evolution, giving rise to the well-studied soluble chemotrypsins and subtilisins, among many others. A large and diverse family of polytopic transmembrane proteins known as rhomboids has also evolved the serine protease mechanism. While the spatial structure, mechanism, and biochemical function of this family as intramembrane proteases has been established, the cellular roles of these enzymes as well as their natural substrates remain largely undetermined. While the evolutionary history of rhomboid proteases has been debated, sorting out the relationships among current day representatives should provide a solid basis for narrowing the knowledge gap between their biochemical and cellular functions. Indeed, some functional characteristics of rhomboid proteases can be gleaned from their evolutionary relationships. Finally, a specific case where phylogenetic profile analysis has identified proteins that contain a C-terminal processing motif (GlyGly-Cterm) as co-occurring with a set of bacterial rhomboid proteases provides an example of potential target identification through bioinformatics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
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Project description:Ca(2+) entry through CRAC channels causes fast Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation (CDI). Previous mutagenesis studies have implicated Orai1 residues W76 and Y80 in CDI through their role in binding calmodulin (CaM), in agreement with the crystal structure of Ca(2+)-CaM bound to an Orai1 N-terminal peptide. However, a subsequent Drosophila melanogaster Orai crystal structure raises concerns about this model, as the side chains of W76 and Y80 are predicted to face the pore lumen and create a steric clash between bound CaM and other Orai1 pore helices. We further tested the functional role of CaM using several dominant-negative CaM mutants, none of which affected CDI. Given this evidence against a role for pretethered CaM, we altered side-chain volume and charge at the Y80 and W76 positions to better understand their roles in CDI. Small side chain volume had different effects at the two positions: it accelerated CDI at position Y80 but reduced the extent of CDI at position W76. Positive charges at Y80 and W76 permitted partial CDI with accelerated kinetics, whereas introducing negative charge at any of five consecutive pore-lining residues (W76, Y80, R83, K87, or R91) completely eliminated CDI. Noise analysis of Orai1 Y80E and Y80K currents indicated that reductions in CDI for these mutations could not be accounted for by changes in unitary current or open probability. The sensitivity of CDI to negative charge introduced into the pore suggested a possible role for anion binding in the pore. However, although Cl(-) modulated the kinetics and extent of CDI, we found no evidence that CDI requires any single diffusible cytosolic anion. Together, our results argue against a CDI mechanism involving CaM binding to W76 and Y80, and instead support a model in which Orai1 residues Y80 and W76 enable conformational changes within the pore, leading to CRAC channel inactivation.
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Project description:Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, indispensable for the immune system and various other human body functions, consist of two transmembrane (TM) proteins, the Ca2+-sensor STIM1 in the ER membrane and the Ca2+ ion channel Orai1 in the plasma membrane. Here we employ genetic code expansion in mammalian cell lines to incorporate the photocrosslinking unnatural amino acids (UAA), p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (Bpa) and p-azido-L-phenylalanine (Azi), into the Orai1 TM domains at different sites. Characterization of the respective UAA-containing Orai1 mutants using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology reveal that exposure to UV light triggers a range of effects depending on the UAA and its site of incorporation. In particular, photoactivation at A137 using Bpa in Orai1 activates Ca2+ currents that best match the biophysical properties of CRAC channels and are capable of triggering downstream signaling pathways such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) translocation into the nucleus without the need for the physiological activator STIM1.
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Project description:Store-operated Orai1 channels are activated through a unique inside-out mechanism involving binding of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor STIM1 to cytoplasmic sites on Orai1. Although atomic-level details of Orai structure, including the pore and putative ligand binding domains, are resolved, how the gating signal is communicated to the pore and opens the gate is unknown. To address this issue, we used scanning mutagenesis to identify 15 residues in transmembrane domains (TMs) 1-4 whose perturbation activates Orai1 channels independently of STIM1. Cysteine accessibility analysis and molecular-dynamics simulations indicated that constitutive activation of the most robust variant, H134S, arises from a pore conformational change that opens a hydrophobic gate to augment pore hydration, similar to gating evoked by STIM1. Mutational analysis of this locus suggests that H134 acts as steric brake to stabilize the closed state of the channel. In addition, atomic packing analysis revealed distinct functional contacts between the TM1 pore helix and the surrounding TM2/3 helices, including one set mediated by a cluster of interdigitating hydrophobic residues and another by alternative ridges of polar and hydrophobic residues. Perturbing these contacts via mutagenesis destabilizes STIM1-mediated Orai1 channel gating, indicating that these bridges between TM1 and the surrounding TM2/3 ring are critical for conveying the gating signal to the pore. These findings help develop a framework for understanding the global conformational changes and allosteric interactions between topologically distinct domains that are essential for activation of Orai1 channels.
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Project description:Magnesium homeostasis is essential for life and depends on magnesium transporters, whose activity and ion selectivity need to be tightly controlled. Rhomboid intramembrane proteases pervade the prokaryotic kingdom, but their functions are largely elusive. Using proteomics, we find that Bacillus subtilis rhomboid protease YqgP interacts with the membrane-bound ATP-dependent processive metalloprotease FtsH and cleaves MgtE, the major high-affinity magnesium transporter in B. subtilis. MgtE cleavage by YqgP is potentiated in conditions of low magnesium and high manganese or zinc, thereby protecting B. subtilis from Mn2+ /Zn2+ toxicity. The N-terminal cytosolic domain of YqgP binds Mn2+ and Zn2+ ions and facilitates MgtE cleavage. Independently of its intrinsic protease activity, YqgP acts as a substrate adaptor for FtsH, a function that is necessary for degradation of MgtE. YqgP thus unites protease and pseudoprotease function, hinting at the evolutionary origin of rhomboid pseudoproteases such as Derlins that are intimately involved in eukaryotic ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Conceptually, the YqgP-FtsH system we describe here is analogous to a primordial form of "ERAD" in bacteria and exemplifies an ancestral function of rhomboid-superfamily proteins.
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Project description:Intramembrane proteases are important enzymes in biology. The recently solved crystal structures of rhomboid protease GlpG have provided useful insights into the mechanism of these membrane proteins. Besides revealing an internal water-filled cavity that harbored the Ser-His catalytic dyad, the crystal structure identified a novel structural domain (L1 loop) that lies on the side of the transmembrane helices. Here, using site-directed mutagenesis, we confirmed that the L1 loop is partially embedded in the membrane, and showed that alanine substitution of a highly preferred tryptophan (Trp136) at the distal tip of the L1 loop near the lipid:water interface reduced GlpG proteolytic activity. Crystallographic analysis showed that W136A mutation did not modify the structure of the protease. Instead, the polarity for a small and lipid-exposed protein surface at the site of the mutation has changed. The crystal structure, now refined at 1.7 A resolution, also clearly defined a 20-A-wide hydrophobic belt around the protease, which likely corresponded to the thickness of the compressed membrane bilayer around the protein. This improved structural model predicts that all critical elements of the catalysis, including the catalytic serine and the L5 cap, need to be positioned within a few angstroms of the membrane surface, and may explain why the protease activity is sensitive to changes in the protein:lipid interaction. Based on these findings, we propose a model where the end of the substrate transmembrane helix first partitions out of the hydrophobic core region of the membrane before it bends into the protease active site for cleavage.
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Project description:Calcium flux through store-operated calcium entry is a major regulator of intracellular calcium homeostasis and various calcium signaling pathways. Two key components of the store-operated calcium release-activated calcium channel are the Ca(2+)-sensing protein stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and the channel pore-forming protein Orai1. Following calcium depletion from the endoplasmic reticulum, STIM1 undergoes conformational changes that unmask an Orai1-activating domain called CAD. CAD binds to two sites in Orai1, one in the N terminal and one in the C terminal. Most previous studies suggested that gating is initiated by STIM1 binding at the Orai1 N-terminal site, just proximal to the TM1 pore-lining segment, and that binding at the C terminal simply anchors STIM1 within reach of the N terminal. However, a recent study had challenged this view and suggested that the Orai1 C-terminal region is more than a simple STIM1-anchoring site. In this study, we establish that the Orai1 C-terminal domain plays a direct role in gating. We identify a linker region between TM4 and the C-terminal STIM1-binding segment of Orai1 as a key determinant that couples STIM1 binding to gating. We further find that Proline 245 in TM4 of Orai1 is essential for stabilizing the closed state of the channel. Taken together with previous studies, our results suggest a dual-trigger mechanism of Orai1 activation in which binding of STIM1 at the N- and C-terminal domains of Orai1 induces rearrangements in proximal membrane segments to open the channel.
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Project description:Store-operated Ca2+ entry occurs through the binding of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensor STIM1 to Orai1, the pore-forming subunit of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. Although the essential steps leading to channel opening have been described, fundamental questions remain, including the functional stoichiometry of the CRAC channel. The crystal structure of Drosophila Orai indicates a hexameric stoichiometry, while studies of linked Orai1 concatemers and single-molecule photobleaching suggest that channels assemble as tetramers. We assessed CRAC channel stoichiometry by expressing hexameric concatemers of human Orai1 and comparing in detail their ionic currents to those of native CRAC channels and channels generated from monomeric Orai1 constructs. Cell surface biotinylation results indicated that Orai1 channels in the plasma membrane were assembled from intact hexameric polypeptides and not from truncated protein products. In addition, the L273D mutation depressed channel activity equally regardless of which Orai1 subunit in the concatemer carried the mutation. Thus, functional channels were generated from intact Orai1 hexamers in which all subunits contributed equally. These hexameric Orai1 channels displayed the biophysical fingerprint of native CRAC channels, including the distinguishing characteristics of gating (store-dependent activation, Ca2+-dependent inactivation, open probability), permeation (ion selectivity, affinity for Ca2+ block, La3+ sensitivity, unitary current magnitude), and pharmacology (enhancement and inhibition by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate). Because permeation characteristics depend strongly on pore geometry, it is unlikely that hexameric and tetrameric pores would display identical Ca2+ affinity, ion selectivity, and unitary current magnitude. Thus, based on the highly similar pore properties of the hexameric Orai1 concatemer and native CRAC channels, we conclude that the CRAC channel functions as a hexamer of Orai1 subunits.
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