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Phenology dictates the impact of climate change on geographic distributions of six co-occurring North American grasshoppers.

ABSTRACT: Throughout the last century, climate change has altered the geographic distributions of many species. Insects, in particular, vary in their ability to track changing climates, and it is likely that phenology is an important determinant of how well insects can either expand or shift their geographic distributions in response to climate change. Grasshoppers are an ideal group to test the hypothesis that phenology correlates with range expansion, given that co-occurring confamilial, and even congeneric, species can differ in phenology. Here, I tested the hypothesis that early- and late-season species should possess different range expansion potentials, as estimated by habitat suitability from ecological niche models. I used nine different modeling techniques to estimate habitat suitability of six grasshopper species of varying phenology under two climate scenarios for the year 2050. My results suggest that, of the six species examined here, early-season species were more sensitive to climate change than late-season species. The three early-season species examined here might shift northward during the spring, while the modeled geographic distributions of the three late-season species were generally constant under climate change, likely because they were pre-adapted to hot and dry conditions. Phenology might therefore be a good predictor of how insect distributions might change in the future, but this hypothesis remains to be tested at a broader scale.

SUBMITTER: Lemoine NP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC8717342 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Visual acuity (VA)-a measurement of the fineness or coarseness of vision-may vary within a species including between the biological sexes. Although numerous studies have found males with finer VA than females, relatively few have shown the opposite with females having finer vision. This is surprising because our understanding of between species differences in VA suggests that females may have finer vision than males if they 1) are larger than males, or 2) need finer vision to detect and/or discriminate between males. Here, we estimate the interommatidial angle (ΔΦ, an anatomical measurement of VA) in three species of band-winged grasshoppers in which females are both the larger sex and likely interpret visual signals (Arphia pseudonietana, Dissosteira carolina, and Spharagemon equale; total n = 98). Using a radius of curvature estimation method, we find that females have ∼19% finer estimated ΔΦ than males in the most acute region and axis of the eye, but that this dimorphism varies between species. Further visual explorations of the species showing the greatest body size dimorphism (D. carolina) suggest that this ΔΦ dimorphism is driven by females having larger eyes with more ommatidia. In contrast to many diurnal flying insects where males have finer vision to acquire mates, our study is one of the first to demonstrate a female-biased sexual dimorphism in acuity. Given 1) the number of species in which females are larger than males, and 2) the variability of mating behaviors across taxa, our results suggest that differences in VA between the sexes may be more common than currently appreciated. Resumen La agudeza visual (AV)-una medida de la finura o la dificultad visual-puede variar dentro de una especie, incluso entre los sexos biológicos. Aunque numerosos estudios han encontrado machos con una AV más fina que las hembras, relativamente pocos han demostrado lo contrario, hembras con visión más fina. Esto es sorprendente porque nuestra comprensión de diferencias entre especies en AV sugiere que las hembras pueden tener una visión más fina que los machos si 1) son más grandes que los machos, o 2) necesitan una visión más fina para detectar y/o discriminar entre los machos. Aquí, estimamos el ángulo interommatidial (ΔΦ, una medida anatómica de AV) en tres especies de saltamontes de ala de banda en las que las hembras son el sexo más grande y probablemente interpretan señales visuales (Arphia pseudonietana, Dissosteira carolina, y Spharagemon equale; total n = 98). Usando un método de estimación de radio de curvatura, encontramos que las hembras tienen un estimado ΔΦ ∼19% más fino que los machos en la región y eje más agudos del ojo, pero que este dimorfismo varía entre especies. Exploraciones visuales adicionales de la especie que muestra el mayor dimorfismo del tamaño corporal (D. carolina) sugieren que este dimorfismo de ΔΦ debe a que las hembras tienen ojos más grandes con más omatidios. En contraste con muchos insectos voladores diurnos donde los machos tienen una visión más fina para adquirir parejas, nuestro estudio es uno de los primeros en demostrar un dimorfismo sesgado por las hembras en la agudeza. Dado 1) el número de especies en las que las hembras son más grandes que los machos, y 2) la variabilidad de los comportamientos de apareamiento entre taxones, nuestros resultados sugieren que las diferencies de AV entre los sexos pueden ser más comunes de lo que se aprecia actualmente.

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Phenology dictates the impact of climate change on geographic distributions of six co-occurring North American grasshoppers.

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