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No evidence of aberrant amyloid β and phosphorylated tau expression in herpes simplex virus-infected neurons of the trigeminal ganglia and brain.

ABSTRACT: Increasing evidence supports the role of neurotropic herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it is unclear whether previously reported findings in HSV-1 cell culture and animal models can be translated to humans. Here, we analyzed clinical specimens from latently HSV-1 infected individuals and individuals with lytic HSV infection of the brain (herpes simplex encephalitis; HSE). Latent HSV-1 DNA load and latency-associated transcript (LAT) expression were identical between trigeminal ganglia (TG) of AD patients and controls. Amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) were not detected in latently HSV-infected TG neurons. Aging-related intraneuronal Aβ accumulations, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and/or extracellular Aβ plaques were observed in the brain of some HSE patients, but these were neither restricted to HSV-infected neurons nor brain regions containing virus-infected cells. Analysis of unique brain material from an AD patient with concurrent HSE showed that HSV-infected cells frequently localized close to Aβ plaques and NFT, but were not associated with exacerbated AD-related pathology. HSE-associated neuroinflammation was not associated with specific Aβ or pTau phenotypes. Collectively, we observed that neither latent nor lytic HSV infection of human neurons is directly associated with aberrant Aβ or pTau protein expression in ganglia and brain.

SUBMITTER: Tran DN

PROVIDER: S-EPMC9245940 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Selective retention of herpes simplex virus-specific T cells in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia.

Project description:Primary infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) results in lifelong latent infections of neurons in sensory ganglia such as the trigeminal ganglia (TG). It has been postulated that T cells retained in TG inhibit reactivation of latent virus. The acquisition of TG specimens of individuals within hours after death offered the unique opportunity to characterize the phenotype and specificity of TG-resident T cells in humans. High numbers of activated CD8(+) T cells expressing a late effector memory phenotype were found to reside in latently infected TG. The T cell infiltrate was oligoclonal, and T cells selectively clustered around HSV-1 but not VZV latently infected neurons. Neuronal damage was not observed despite granzyme B expression by the neuron-interacting CD8(+) T cells. The TG-resident T cells, mainly CD8(+) T cells, were directed against HSV-1 and not to VZV, despite neuronal expression of VZV proteins. The results implicate that herpesvirus latency in human TG is associated with a local, persistent T cell response, comprising activated late effector memory CD8(+) T cells that appear to control HSV-1 latency by noncytolytic pathways. In contrast, T cells do not seem to be directly involved in controlling VZV latency in human TG.

| S-EPMC1805572 | biostudies-literature

Latent herpes simplex virus 1 infection does not induce apoptosis in human trigeminal Ganglia.

Project description:Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can establish lifelong latency in human trigeminal ganglia. Latently infected ganglia contain CD8(+) T cells, which secrete granzyme B and are thus capable of inducing neuronal apoptosis. Using immunohistochemistry and single-cell reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), higher frequency and transcript levels of caspase-3 were found in HSV-1-negative compared to HSV-1-positive ganglia and neurons, respectively. No terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay-positive neurons were detected. The infiltrating T cells do not induce apoptosis in latently infected neurons.

| S-EPMC4442501 | biostudies-literature

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Adeno Associated Virus distribution in neurons of the murine trigeminal and superior cervical ganglia

Project description:After initial infection at mucosa, herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes lifelong latency in neurons of the peripheral nervous system, which represents the source of recurrent disease. Current antiviral therapies reduce symptoms and viral shedding, but do not cure the infection. In contrast, gene editing offers the possibility to lethally mutate or even eliminate latent viral genomes. Delivery of gene editing enzymes by Adeno Associated Virus (AAV) vectors represents a promising approach to functionally curing HSV infection. In order to optimize in vivo gene therapy approaches it is necessary to understand which neuronal subtypes within peripheral ganglia are infected by HSV and which subtypes are efficiently targeted by various AAV serotypes. Here we use single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify neurons expressing HSV genes as well as reporter genes for AAV1, AAV8, AAV-PhP.s, and AAV-Rh10 serotypes.

2020-06-05 | GSE151811 | GEO

Herpes simplex virus 1 microRNAs expressed abundantly during latent infection are not essential for latency in mouse trigeminal ganglia.

Project description:Several herpes simplex virus 1 microRNAs are encoded within or near the latency associated transcript (LAT) locus, and are expressed abundantly during latency. Some of these microRNAs can repress the expression of important viral proteins and are hypothesized to play important roles in establishing and/or maintaining latent infections. We found that in lytically infected cells and in acutely infected mouse ganglia, expression of LAT-encoded microRNAs was weak and unaffected by a deletion that includes the LAT promoter. In mouse ganglia latently infected with wild type virus, the microRNAs accumulated to high levels, but deletions of the LAT promoter markedly reduced expression of LAT-encoded microRNAs and also miR-H6, which is encoded upstream of LAT and can repress expression of ICP4. Because these LAT deletion mutants establish and maintain latent infections, these microRNAs are not essential for latency, at least in mouse trigeminal ganglia, but may help promote it.

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Diverse herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase mutants in individual human neurons and Ganglia.

Project description:Mutations in the thymidine kinase gene (tk) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) explain most cases of virus resistance to acyclovir (ACV) treatment. Mucocutaneous lesions of patients with ACV resistance contain mixed populations of tk mutant and wild-type virus. However, it is unknown whether human ganglia also contain mixed populations since the replication of HSV tk mutants in animal neurons is impaired. Here we report the detection of mutated HSV tk sequences in human ganglia. Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia were obtained at autopsy from an immunocompromised woman with chronic mucocutaneous infection with ACV-resistant HSV-1. The HSV-1 tk open reading frames from ganglia were amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. tk mutations were detected in a seven-G homopolymer region in 11 of 12 ganglia tested, with clonal frequencies ranging from 4.2 to 76% HSV-1 tk mutants per ganglion. In 8 of 11 ganglia, the mutations were heterogeneous, varying from a deletion of one G to an insertion of one to three G residues, with the two-G insertion being the most common. Each ganglion had its own pattern of mutant populations. When individual neurons from one ganglion were analyzed by laser capture microdissection and PCR, 6 of 14 HSV-1-positive neurons were coinfected with HSV tk mutants and wild-type virus, 4 of 14 were infected with wild-type virus alone, and 4 of 14 were infected with tk mutant virus alone. These data suggest that diverse tk mutants arise independently under drug selection and establish latency in human sensory ganglia alone or together with wild-type virus.

| S-EPMC1933309 | biostudies-literature

The locus encompassing the latency-associated transcript of herpes simplex virus type 1 interferes with and delays interferon expression in productively infected neuroblastoma cells and trigeminal Ganglia of acutely infected mice.

Project description:The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latency-associated transcript (LAT) is the only abundant viral transcript expressed in latently infected neurons. LAT inhibits apoptosis, suggesting that it regulates latency by promoting the survival of infected neurons. The LAT locus also contains a newly described gene (AL), which is antisense to LAT and partially overlaps LAT encoding sequences. When human (SK-N-SH) or mouse (neuro-2A) neuroblastoma cells were infected with a virus that does not express LAT or AL gene products (dLAT2903), beta interferon (IFN-beta) and IFN-alpha RNA expression was detected earlier relative to the same cells infected with HSV-1 strains that express LAT and AL. Infection of neuro-2A cells with dLAT2903 also led to higher levels of IFN-beta promoter activity than in cells infected with wild-type (wt) HSV-1. In contrast, IFN RNA expression was the same when human lung fibroblasts were infected with dLAT2903 or wt HSV-1. When BALB/c mice were infected with dLAT2903, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta RNA expression was readily detected in trigeminal ganglia (TG) 4 days after infection. These transcripts were not detected in TG of mice infected with wt HSV-1 or dLAT2903R (marker-rescued dLAT2903) until 6 days postinfection. When TG single-cell suspensions from infected BALB/c mice were prepared and incubated in vitro with wt HSV-1 as a source of antigen, TG cultures prepared from mice infected with dLAT2903 produced and secreted higher levels of IFN protein than wt HSV-1 or dLAT2903R. Collectively, these studies suggest that the LAT locus interferes with and delays IFN expression.

| S-EPMC1091686 | biostudies-literature

Identification of viral microRNAs expressed in human sacral ganglia latently infected with herpes simplex virus 2.

Project description:Deep sequencing of small RNAs isolated from human sacral ganglia latently infected with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) was used to identify HSV-2 microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed during latent infection. This effort resulted in the identification of five distinct HSV-2 miRNA species, two of which, miR-H3/miR-I and miR-H4/miR-II, have been previously reported. Three novel HSV-2 miRNAs were also identified, and two of these, miR-H7 and miR-H9, are derived from the latency-associated transcript (LAT) and are located antisense to the viral transcript encoding transactivator ICP0. A third novel HSV-2 miRNA, miR-H10, is encoded within the unique long (U(L)) region of the genome, 3' to the U(L)15 open reading frame, and is presumably excised from a novel, latent HSV-2 transcript distinct from LAT.

| S-EPMC2798372 | biostudies-literature

Visualization of mouse neuronal ganglia infected by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) using multimodal non-linear optical microscopy.

Project description:Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that causes skin lesions and goes on to enter a latent state in neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. Following stress, the virus may reactivate from latency leading to recurrent lesions. The in situ study of neuronal infections by HSV-1 is critical to understanding the mechanisms involved in the biology of this virus and how it causes disease; however, this normally requires fixation and sectioning of the target tissues followed by treatment with contrast agents to visualize key structures, which can lead to artifacts. To further our ability to study HSV-1 neuropathogenesis, we have generated a recombinant virus expressing a second generation red fluorescent protein (mCherry), which behaves like the parental virus in vivo. By optimizing the application of a multimodal non-linear optical microscopy platform, we have successfully visualized in unsectioned trigeminal ganglia of mice both infected cells by two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and myelinated axons of uninfected surrounding cells by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. These results represent the first report of CARS microscopy being combined with 2-photon fluorescence microscopy to visualize virus-infected cells deep within unsectioned explanted tissue, and demonstrate the application of multimodal non-linear optical microscopy for high spatial resolution biological imaging of tissues without the use of stains or fixatives.

| S-EPMC4136817 | biostudies-literature

De Novo Herpes Simplex Virus VP16 Expression Gates a Dynamic Programmatic Transition and Sets the Latent/Lytic Balance during Acute Infection in Trigeminal Ganglia.

Project description:The life long relationship between herpes simplex virus and its host hinges on the ability of the virus to aggressively replicate in epithelial cells at the site of infection and transport into the nervous system through axons innervating the infection site. Interaction between the virus and the sensory neuron represents a pivot point where largely unknown mechanisms lead to a latent or a lytic infection in the neuron. Regulation at this pivot point is critical for balancing two objectives, efficient widespread seeding of the nervous system and host survival. By combining genetic and in vivo in approaches, our studies reveal that the balance between latent and lytic programs is a process occurring early in the trigeminal ganglion. Unexpectedly, activation of the latent program precedes entry into the lytic program by 12 -14hrs. Importantly, at the individual neuronal level, the lytic program begins as a transition out of this acute stage latent program and this escape from the default latent program is regulated by de novo VP16 expression. Our findings support a model in which regulated de novo VP16 expression in the neuron mediates entry into the lytic cycle during the earliest stages of virus infection in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that the loose association of VP16 with the viral tegument combined with sensory axon length and transport mechanisms serve to limit arrival of virion associated VP16 into neuronal nuclei favoring latency. Further, our findings point to specialized features of the VP16 promoter that control the de novo expression of VP16 in neurons and this regulation is a key component in setting the balance between lytic and latent infections in the nervous system.

| S-EPMC5015900 | biostudies-literature

Endogenous angiotensinergic system in neurons of rat and human trigeminal ganglia.

Project description:To clarify the role of Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the sensory system and especially in the trigeminal ganglia, we studied the expression of angiotensinogen (Ang-N)-, renin-, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)- and cathepsin D-mRNA, and the presence of Ang II and substance P in the rat and human trigeminal ganglia. The rat trigeminal ganglia expressed substantial amounts of Ang-N- and ACE mRNA as determined by quantitative real time PCR. Renin mRNA was untraceable in rat samples. Cathepsin D was detected in the rat trigeminal ganglia indicating the possibility of existence of pathways alternative to renin for Ang I formation. In situ hybridization in rat trigeminal ganglia revealed expression of Ang-N mRNA in the cytoplasm of numerous neurons. By using immunocytochemistry, a number of neurons and their processes in both the rat and human trigeminal ganglia were stained for Ang II. Post in situ hybridization immunocytochemistry reveals that in the rat trigeminal ganglia some, but not all Ang-N mRNA-positive neurons marked for Ang II. In some neurons Substance P was found colocalized with Ang II. Angiotensins from rat trigeminal ganglia were quantitated by radioimmunoassay with and without prior separation by high performance liquid chromatography. Immunoreactive angiotensin II (ir-Ang II) was consistently present and the sum of true Ang II (1-8) octapeptide and its specifically measured metabolites were found to account for it. Radioimmunological and immunocytochemical evidence of ir-Ang II in neuronal tissue is compatible with Ang II as a neurotransmitter. In conclusion, these results suggest that Ang II could be produced locally in the neurons of rat trigeminal ganglia. The localization and colocalization of neuronal Ang II with Substance P in the trigeminal ganglia neurons may be the basis for a participation and function of Ang II in the regulation of nociception and migraine pathology.

| S-EPMC2727722 | biostudies-literature

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